Уч.Пособие IIIкурс
.pdfand consideration for the right of way of others is essential to safety. Taxiing instructions issued by a controller will always contain a clearance limit, which is the point at which the aircraft must stop until further permission to proceed is given. For departing aircraft the clearance limit will normally be the holding position of the runway in use, but it may be any other position on the aerodrome depending on prevailing traffic circumstances. When intersection departures are used, the appropriate holding positions shall be clearly identified by ATC. When a taxi clearance contains a taxi limit beyond a runway, it shall contain an explicit clearance to cross that runway, or an instruction to hold short, even if the runway is not in use.
Communication with any aircraft using the runway for the purpose of taxiing, should be transferred from the ground controller to the aerodrome controller prior to the aircraft entering / crossing a runway.
It is strongly advised, when practicable, to use standard taxi routes.
For more complicated taxi instructions, it may be appropriate to divide the message into segments, placing the clearances and instructions in sequential order, to avoid the possibility of pilot misunderstanding.
Questions to Text A
1.What is taxiing?
2.What is essential to safety?
3.Are the taxiing instructions issued by a controller or a pilot?
4.What do the taxiing instructions contain?
5.Will the clearance limit be the holding position of the runway in use for departing aircraft?
6.When shall the appropriate holding positions be clearly identified by ATC?
7.When a taxi clearance contains a taxi limit beyond a runway, it shall contain an explicit clearance to cross that runway or an instruction to hold short, shall not it?
8.What should be transferred from the ground controller to the aerodrome controller?
9.Is it strongly advised to use standard taxi routes?
10.What may be appropriate for more complicated taxi instructions?
Text B
Takeoff
Every flight follows a typical profile:
1.Preflight -This portion of the flight starts on the ground and includes flight checks, push-back from the gate and taxi to the runway.
2.Takeoff - The pilot powers up the aircraft and speeds down the runway.
3.Departure - The plane lifts off the ground and climbs to a cruising altitude.
4.En route - The aircraft travels through one or more center airspaces and nears the destination airport.
5.Descent - The pilot descends and maneuvers the aircraft to the destination airport.
6.Approach - The pilot aligns the aircraft with the designated landing runway.
7.Landing - The aircraft lands on the designated runway, taxis to the destination gate and parks at the terminal.
The aircraft shall land and take off on runways only instructed by air traffic control. It shall have a two-way radio capable of communicating with air traffic control.
Landings or takeoffs shall be made only at a safe distance from buildings and other aircraft. Takeoffs and landings over building area and parking lot in the vicinity of the administration building are prohibited.
Landings or takeoffs shall not be permitted on the taxiways unless permission is granted by air traffic control.
As the flight has been approved, the air traffic controller gives clearance to the pilot and passes the strip to the ground controller in the tower.
The ground controller is responsible for all ground traffic, which includes aircraft taxiing from the gates to takeoff runways and from landing runways to the gates. When the ground controller determines that it is safe, he or she directs the pilot to push the plane back from the gate (airline personnel operate the tugs that actually push the aircraft back and direct the plane out of the gate area). As the plane taxis to the runway, the ground controller watches all of the airport's taxiways and uses ground radar to track all of the aircraft (especially useful in bad weather), ensuring that the plane does not cross an active runway or interfere with ground vehicles. The ground controller talks with the pilot by radio and gives him
instructions, such as which way to taxi and which runway to go to for takeoff. Once the plane reaches the designated takeoff runway, the ground controller passes the strip to the local controller.
The local controller in the tower watches the skies above the airfield and uses surface radar to track aircraft. He or she is responsible for maintaining safe distances between planes as they take off. The local controller gives the pilot final clearance for takeoff when it is deemed safe, and provides the new radio frequency for the departure controller. Once clearance is given, the pilot must decide if it is safe to take off. If it is safe, he accelerates the plane down the runway.
Active Vocabulary to Text B
profile |
- зд. профиль(полѐта), схема |
vicinity |
-соседство, близость |
ground controller |
- диспетчер наземного движения |
tug |
-буксировочное приспособление |
designated landing/takeoff |
- намеченная посадка/взлѐт |
clearance |
-диспетчерское разрешение |
strip |
- (лѐтная) полоса |
to deem |
- считать, полагать |
to align |
-выводить на курс, ставить по |
|
курсу |
to accelerate |
-ускорять, разгонять |
|
|
Questions to Text B
1.What must every flight follow?
2.What is takeoff?
3.Shall the aircraft land and takeoff only instructed by air traffic control?
4.Are only takeoffs prohibited over building area?
5.What must be granted by air traffic control?
6.What is the ground controller responsible for?
7.What is especially useful in bad weather?
8.The ground controller talks with the pilot by radio and gives him instructions, doesn't he(she)?
9.What does the local controller do?
10.Does the local controller give the pilot final clearance or not?
THE WORK OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER
Active Vocabulary to Text A
collision |
-столкновение |
adequate facilities |
-соответствующие средства |
|
(возможности) |
orderly flow |
- организованный поток |
vital requirement |
-жизненная потребность |
to undergo |
-преобладающий |
to expedite |
- ускорять, продвигать |
to possess |
-владеть, обладать |
efficient |
-действенный, эффективный |
proficient |
-опытный |
mental |
-умственный |
|
|
|
Text A |
Air Traffic Control
The ATC’s first concern is safety, that is the prevention of collision between aircraft in the air and orderly flow of traffic.
Air traffic controllers typically do the following:
Issue landing and takeoff instructions to pilots
Monitor and direct the movement of aircraft on the ground and in the
air, using radar, computers, or visual references
Control all ground traffic at airports, including baggage vehicles and airport workers
Manage communications by transferring control of departing flights to traffic control centers and accepting control of arriving flights
Provide information to pilots, such as weather updates, runway closures, and other critical information
Alert airport response staff, in the event of an aircraft emergency
To perform their exacting duties air traffic controllers need adequate facilities. Computers are also a powerful tool. They give assistance by taking over routine tasks but they must not dominate the system. The human controller is much more efficient than any current system because it is he who takes responsibility for controlling aircraft and it is he who takes final decisions in all situations including conflicting and emergency.
During periods of heavy traffic controllers work under high stress. They may control several aircraft simultaneously, their number sometimes exceeding 15 and even more. Controllers’ slightest error may cause loss of human lives and property.
Top physical and mental condition is a vital requirement for ATC controllers. Therefore they undergo strict medical examination which are repeated at periodic intervals.
The problem of the selection and training of ATC personnel is extremely important. The controllers should possess a number of qualities which are absolutely necessary for them: a high degree of morality, a very good nervous and emotional balance, a sound critical judgment, a
readiness for decisions and an instinct for team work. To become a highly professional controller one must be proficient not only in specialized aviation English but also in plain language because aviation safety depends on accurate pilot – controller communications.
The training of ATC personnel is carried out by different methods using various teaching aids, systems and simulators. Modern simulators can reproduce the whole ATC task from take-off to landing including all manoeuvers even the dangerous ones.
Questions to Text A
1.What is the main task of ATC activity?
2.How can controllers expedite the flow of traffic?
3.What aids and systems do controller use to control air traffic?
4.Can any aids or systems substitute a human controller?
5.What are the working conditions of controllers?
6.How many aircraft may controllers control at peak traffic periods?
7.What is one of the vital requirements for ATC controllers?
8.What qualities should a person possess to become a controller?
9.How are controllers trained?
10.Can modern simulators reproduce conflicting and emergency situations?
ADDITION
Text B
Training of Air Traffic Controllers
Training to become a fully qualified air traffic controller can take around three years. The actual structure of the training is likely to vary depending on the provider.
Training with private course providers has to be paid for but you can usually choose the area you wish to specialise in, e.g. area control, aerodrome, etc. If candidates train with National Air Traffic Services (NATS), they receive a basic wage as the training stages are part of their employment. They may be placed in any location in the UK, however, once a certain part of their training is complete, and the area they specialise in is usually determined by business needs.
The basic training with NATS usually takes around two months to complete. This is followed by training in the specialised areas. Area control courses take around nine months, aerodrome/approach courses take at least eight months and aerodrome courses take around five months. These are minimum course lengths and some candidates may take longer to finish the training.
Upon completion of this stage, candidates are placed in available
positions and continue with training to work towards validation. The time this takes varies depending on the individual and the unit they are placed in.
Candidates are assessed throughout their training through the use of practical exercises, exams and oral tests.
Those from other course providers are able to apply for trainee roles with other air services operators, where they will continue with their training.
Once qualified, all air traffic controllers are required to keep their knowledge and skills up to date. This means they will continue to go on training courses or will receive in-house training throughout their careers.