Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology - Russell K. Hobbie & Bradley J. Roth

Sherrard, D. J., 133 Sherwood number, 107 Sherwood, B. A., 364, 399 Shimizu, H., 542

Shot noise, 242, 312 Shrier, A., 276, 283

Sick sinus syndrome, 194, 200 Sicouri, S., 201

Sidtis, J. J., 513 Siegel, J. A., 505, 513 Siemens, 145

Sievert (unit), 468 Signal, 75, 306

and noise, 308 radiographic, 451

Signal averaging, 308 Signal-to-noise ratio, 452

Sigworth, F. J., 239, 241, 243, 253, 254 Silicon, 445

Silver halide, 441 Silver, H. K., 41, 47 Silver, S., 175

Silverstein, M. E., 119, 133 Sinc function, 528

Singh, M., 341, 455, 478, 527, 542 Singh, N., 435

Singh, S., 435

Single-channel recording, 238

Single-photon emission computed tomography, 501 Sink, 262

Sinoatrial node, see see SA node Sinogram, 333

Sinus exit block, 200 Skofronick, J. G., 348, 349 Slater, J. D., 467, 479 Slater, J. M., 479

Slice selection, 527, 528 Slichter, C. P., 518, 523, 542 Slide projector, 396

Small intestine, 213 Smith, M. A., 398 Smith, W., 323 Smye, S. W., 372, 399

Smythe, W. R., 166, 175 Snell’s law, 388

Snow blindness, 381

Snyder, W. S., 489, 494–496, 513 Sobol, W. T., 446, 479 S¨oderberg, P. G., 381, 397 Sodium

-potassium pump, 148 Nernst potential, 155

24Na, 487 Sodium gate, 157

Sodium spectral line, 372 So er, B. H., 387, 399 Solar constant, 377, 395

Index 611

Soleus, 6

Solid angle, 181, 366, 544 defined, 543 theorem, 198

Solute, 67, 69

Solute permeability, 120 pore model, 128

Solute transport, 119, 122 pore model, 127

Solution ideal, 114

Solvent, 67

Solvent drag, 85, 119

in an electric field, 235 Sorenson, J. A., 501, 502, 511, 513 Sorgen, P. L., 201

Sound level measurement weighting, 347

Source, 262

Space invariance, 327 Spano, M. L., 276, 283, 284

Sparks, R. B., 488, 489, 494, 513 Spatial frequency, 326, 329

and field of view, 329 and resolution, 329

Special relativity, 203, 220, 222, 405, 482 Specific absorbed fraction, 489

Specific absorption rate, 534, 539 Specific heat

water, 75

Specific heat capacity, 61, 382 Specific metabolic rate, 46 SPECT, 501

Spector, R., 47

Spectral e ciency function, 387 Spectroscopy

infrared, 368 Spectrum

beta decay, 487 Wiener, 452

Spherical aberration, 389 Spherical coordinates, 577 Spherocytosis, 117

Spheroid degeneration of the eye, 381 Sphincter, pre-capillary, 20

Spider’s thread, 25 Spin

electron, 215, 361

spin

nuclear, 517

Spin echo (SE), 526, 528 fast or turbo, 532

Spin quantum number, 402 Spin warp encoding, 528 Spiral CT, 455

Spiral wave, 186, 275, 283 Spontaneous births, 294

612 Index

Spontaneous emission, 522 Spray, D. C., 201

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 380, 381 SQUID, 218, 223

Squid, 2

giant axon, 154 SRIM, 415, 422, 423 Srinivas, S. M., 397 Srinivasan, R., 196, 202

Stabin, M. G., 488, 489, 494, 505, 513 Stahlhofen, W., 216, 225

Standard deviation, 562 Standing wave, 345 Stanley, P. C., 191, 202 Stapes, 348

Stark, L., 256, 275, 284

Stark, L. C., 390, 399 State space, 263 Stationarity, 327

Stationary random process, 307 Stationary system, 326 Statistical mechanics, 50

postulates, 55

Staton, D. J., 211, 212, 225 Steady state and equilibrium

distinction, 55

Steel, G. G., 458, 459, 479 Stefan-Boltzmann law, 374

Stegun, I. A., 199, 201, 250, 253, 338, 340 Stehling, M. K., 533, 542

Steiner, R., 29

Steiner, R. F., 133, 175, 284

Steinmuller, D. R., 130, 133 Steketee, J., 375, 399 Stenosis, 376

Stent, 504 drug-eluting, 504

Steradian, 544

Stereocilia, 243

Steric factor, 120, 127 Stern, R. S., 381, 399

Steroid-eluting electrode, 195 Stewart, W. E., 90 Stimulated emission, 522 Stimulus

brain, 196

current density, 165 strength-duration curve, 171 strength-interval curve, 173

Stinson, W. G., 398 Stirling’s approximation, 567 Stochastic resonance, 317 Stocker, H., 181, 184, 202 Stokes’ law, 87, 90, 248 Stopping cross section, 415

Stopping interaction strength, 420 Stopping number

per atomic electron, 420 Stopping power, 414

electronic, 416

for compounds, 422

for electrons and positrons, 422 mass, 414

nuclear, 416 radiative, 416

Storment, C. W., 136, 175 Straggling, 423 Straight-line fit, 285, 287 Strain, 344

normal, 12 shear, 13

Stratum corneum, 378 Stratum granulosum, 378 Strauss, H. C., 201 Streamline, 15, 18

Strength-duration curve, 171, 193 Strength-interval curve, 173 Stress, 12, 344

normal, 12 shear, 13

Strogatz, S. H., 262–265, 271, 284 Stroink, G., 211, 214, 216, 225 Stroke volume, 21

90Sr, 504

Strother, S. C., 503, 513 Strouse, P., 478 Structure mottle, 452 Strupp, J., 542

Stuchly, M. A., 214, 224 Studniberg, H. M., 381, 399 Sturis, J., 313 Subexcitation, 440 Subshells

atomic, 402 Suess, C., 477, 479 Suit, H., 467, 479 Sulfides, 217 Sulfonamides, 379 Sulfonureas, 379

Sun protection factor (SPF), 380 Superconducting quantum interference device, 218 Superconductor, 218

Superposition, 325 Surface tension, 65, 77

Surface-to-volume ratio, 191 Surfactant, 77

Surrogate data, 316, 317 Surroundings, 52 Survival curve, 458 Susceptibility

electric, 144 Sutoh, Y., 399 Svedberg, 26

Swanson, E. A., 370, 398

Sweating, 278 Sweeney, J. D., 202 Swift, C. D., 434

Swihart, C. J., 236, 254 Swinney, K. R., 208, 209, 225 Swithenby, S. J., 212, 224, 225 Sympathetic nerves, 185 Synapse, 104, 135, 136 Syncope, 194

Syncytium, 184 Synolakis, C. E., 18, 29 Synthesis, 459

System, 52 linear, 325

stationary, 326 System dynamics, 265 Systole, 18, 20

Szabo, A., 96, 109

Szabo, Z., 500, 513

T rays, 372 T wave, 186

T1-weighted image, 533 T2-weighted image, 533 Tabatabaei, S., 542 Taccardi, B., 211, 225 Tachycardia

ventricular, 186 Ta et, S. M., 201 Tai, C., 200, 202 Takano, M., 398 Talajic, M. T., 283 Talus, 6, 7

Tan, G. A., 211, 225 Tanaka, A., 479 Tanelian, D. L., 136, 175 Tang, Y-h., 105, 109 Tank, D. W., 542 Target entity, 365 Taylor’s series, 551

of exponential function, 553 Taylor, A. E., 115, 133

Tearney, G. J., 370, 397, 399

99mTc, 33, 484, 492, 497, 498, 502 albumin, 498

diphosphonate, 501, 503 generator, 497 pertechnetate, 497 pyrophosphate, 500

red blood cells, 501 sestamibi, 498

sulfur colloid, 490, 500, 510 tetrofosmin, 498, 503

Tectorial membrane, 349 Telegrapher’s equation, 152 Temperature

absolute, 57

Index 613

celsius, 58 negative, 73

Temperature regulation, 278 “10-20” system for EEG leads, 196 Tendon

Achilles, 6

Tenforde, T. S., 244, 245, 254 Tensile strength, 12 Terahertz radiation, 361, 372 Tesla, 204

Tetley, I. J., 103

Tetrodotoxin, 238

Teukolsky, S. A., 109, 202, 225, 323, 341 201Tl, 498, 500, 502

Theodoris, G. C., 390, 399 Thermal conductivity, 103, 382 Thermal equilibrium, 56, 57 Thermal noise

retinal, 392

Thermal penetration depth, 383 Thermal relaxation time, 382 Thermodynamic identity, 65 Thermodynamic relationship, general, 65 Thermodynamics

first law, 53 second law, 70

Thermography, 376 Thermoluminescent dosimeter, 445 Thiazide diuretics, 379

Thin-film transistor, 450 Thin-lens equation, 388 Thomas, D. L., 537, 542 Thomas, G. B., 557 Thomas, I. M., 213, 225 Thomas, L., 120, 133 Thomas, S. R., 534 Thompson, D. J., 266, 283 Thompson, J. H., 565 Thompson, W. J., 288, 323 Thomson scattering, 406 Thomson, R. B., 565

232Th, 512

Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy, 465 Threshold detection, 317

Threshold stimulus strength, 173 Thyroid, 256

stimulating hormone (TSH), 256, 277 Thyroid hormone, 278

Thyroxine (T4), 256, 277 Tri-iodothyronine (T3), 256

Tibia, 6

Tissue weighting factor, 469 Tittel, F. K., 398

TMS, 214

Tobacco, photosynthesis, 294 Tomanaga, M., 479 Tomography

614 Index

computed, 455 optical coherence, 370

Tomotherapy, 465

Tondury, P., 224 Tooby, P. F., 26, 29 Torque, 4, 516

on rotating sphere, 248 Torr, 20

Total angular momentum quantum number, 402 Total internal reflection, 396

Total linear attenuation coe cient, see Attenuation coe cient

Trace of a matrix, 104

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, 214 Transducer, 135

piezoelectric, 350 Transfer factor, 442 Transfer function, 311

modulation, 328 optical, 328 phase, 328

Transient charged-particle equilibrium, 429 Transition

Coster-Kronig, 411 nonradiation, 410 radiationless, 410 radiative, 410

Transmission at a boundary, 347 Transmission coe cient, 347, 355 Transmittance, 441

Transport countercurrent, 121 solute, 119, 122 volume, 122

Transvenous pacing, 194 Transverse relaxation time

recoverable and non-recoverable, 524 Transverse wave, 346

Traveling wave, 345 Trayanova, N., 184, 191, 202 Tree, 27

Trehan, P. N., 435 Trigonometric integrals, 555 Triplet production, 407 Tripp, J. H., 224 Trochanter, greater, 7 Trontelj, Z., 212, 225 Trowbridge, E. A., 23, 29 TTX, 238

Tucker, R. D., 245, 254

Tukey, J. W., 295, 323 Tumor eradication, 463 Tuna, 217, 222

Tung, C. J., 423, 435 Tung, L., 196, 202 Turbidity, 367 Turbulence, 22

Turnbull, G., 225

Turner, J. S., 284

Turner, R., 533, 542

Tympanic chamber, 349

Uderzo, C., 398 Uehara, M., 227, 254

Ugurbil, K., 534–536, 542 Ultracentrifuge, 75 Ultrafiltration, 119 Ultrasound

diagnostic, 350 intravascular, 376

Ultraviolet spectrum, 377 Ungar, I. J., 200, 202

Units of “power” and “energy”, 309 Upton, A. C., 471, 480

235U, 497, 512

238U, 505

Urea, 116

Urie, M., 467, 479

Urruchi, W. I., 254

UVA, 377, 380, 381

UVB, 377, 380, 381 UVC, 377, 381

van de Kaa, C. H., 542 van der Gon, J. J. D., 202 van der Pol oscillator, 316

van Eijk, C. W. E., 444, 480 van Ginnekin, A. C. G., 175 van Hulsteyn, D. B., 214, 224 Van Langenhove, G., 399 van Leeuwen, P., 225

van’t Ho ’s law, 115, 118 Vapor pressure, 75, 78

Variable rate of growth or decay, 35 Variables

extensive, 64 electric charge, 64 Length, 64 Surface area, 64 volume, 64

Variance, 562 Vascular resistance, 20 Vasodilation, 116 Vector, 3, 545

addition, 545 components, 546 unit, 546

Vector operators

in di erent coordinate systems, 578 Vector product, 5

Veigele, W. J., 434

Veldhuyzen van Zanten, S. J. O., 225 Velocity

average, 546

instantaneous, 547 root-mean-square, 85

Velocity gradient, 15 Vena cava, 20 Ventilation rate, 256

Ventricular fibrillation, 195, 275, 276, 282 Ventricular tachycardia, 186, 195, 275 Venules, 20

Vergence, 389 Verheye, S., 376, 399

Vestibular chamber, 349

Vetterling, W. T., 109, 202, 225, 323, 341 Villars, F. M. H., 10, 29, 90, 91, 100, 108 Virtual cathode, 194

“dog-bone”, 196 Virtual image, 396 Virus, 2 Viscoelasticity, 13 Viscosity, 13, 15, 87

of water, 90

Viscous torque on a rotating sphere, 248 Vision

scotopic, 454 Visscher, P. B., 295, 323 Visual cortex, 534, 536

Visual evoked response, 308 Vitamin D, 381

Vitreous, 388

Vlaardingerbroek, M. T., 527, 533, 542 Vogel, S. V., 15, 20, 29

Vollrath, F., 25, 29 Volt, 142

Voltage di erence, 141 Voltage divider, 147 Voltage source

ideal, 313 Voltage-sensitive dye, 196 Volume transport, 122

pore model, 127

through a membrane, 117

Von der Lage, F. C., 485, 487–489, 513 Voorhees, C. R., 193, 202

Voorhees, W. D., 202

Voroshilovsky, O., 283

Wachtel, E., 133

Wagner, H. N., 443, 500, 513 Wagner, J., 105, 109

Wagner, R. F., 451, 452, 478, 480 Walcott, C. J., 217, 225

Walker, G. C., 398 Walker, M. M., 217, 225 Walker, W. B., 477 Wang, D., 96, 109 Wang, L., 398

Wang, M. D., 108 Warburg equation, 106

Index 615

Warmuth, I., 398

Warner, G. G., 495, 496, 513 Warwick, W., 566

Washout (in MRI), 535 Watanabe, A., 182, 202, 209 Water

acoustic impedance, 346 compressibility, 345 density, 345

dielectric constant, 144 speed of sound, 345

transmission vs. wavelength, 387 Water molecule

dipole moment, 233

Watson, E. E., 488, 490, 491, 495, 498, 505, 513 Watson, S. B., 513

Watt, 11 Wave

longitudinal, 344 plane, 344 standing, 345 traveling, 345

Wave equation, 173, 343, 344 Wave number, 345

Weaver, J. C., 244, 247, 252–254, 317, 323 Weaver, K. E., 480

Weaver, W., 50, 79

Weaver, W. D., 72

Web site for this book, xvi Webb, S., 465, 480

Webb, W. W., 243, 253 Weber, D. A., 489, 498, 513 Webster, J., 369, 398, 399 Webster, J. G., 170, 176 Weighting factor

radiation, 468 Weinberg, H., 225 Weinstein, P. R., 542 Weinstock, H., 225 Weiss, G., 193

Weiss, J. N., 276, 283 Weiss-Fogh, T., 107, 109 Weissleder, R., 542 Welder’s flash, 381 Weller, P., 381, 399 Wendland, M. F., 542

Wessels, B. W., 504, 505, 512, 513 West, G. B., 41, 42, 47, 79 Westfall, R. J., 513

Whinnery, J. R., 175 White noise, 314 White, C. R., 41, 47 White, R. J., 116, 133

White-blood-cell count, 275 Wick, G. L., 26, 29 Wieben, O., 369, 399 Wiener spectrum, 452

616 Index

Wiener theorem for random signals, 309 Wiesenfeld, K., 317, 323

Wikelski, M., 217, 224

Wikswo, J. P., 195, 202, 208, 209, 211, 212, 217, 218, 221, 223–226

Wilders, R., 158, 165, 175 Wiley, J. D., 170, 176 Williams, C. R., 475 Williams, C. S., 328, 341 Williams, M., 7, 29 Williamson, S. J., 212, 226 Wilson, B. C., 368, 399

Winfree, A. T., 267, 268, 275, 276, 282, 284 Winsor, R., 446, 480

Witkowski, F. X., 276, 284 Wolfe, R. S., 217, 224 Woodford, B. J., 254 Woods, C., 225

Woods, M. C., 221

Woods, R. P., 513 Wooodru , W. H., 47

Woosley, J. K., 208, 223, 225, 226 Work, 10, 54

concentration, 63 pressure-volume, 19, 21

Working level, 505 month, 505

Worthington, C. R., 164, 176 Wortman, R. J., 398

X radiation, 360

X-ray absorption edge, 404 X-ray spectrum

bremsstrahlung, 437 characteristic, 437, 438 thick target, 439

thin target, 438 X-ray tube, 446

Xenon, 477

133Xe, 502, 508 Xia, Y., 539, 542 Xylem, 27

Yaar, M., 398 Yamashita, Y., 369, 399 Yasuno, Y., 371, 399 Yatagai, T., 399

Yazdanfar, S., 370, 371, 399 Yield

fluorescence, 411

Yodh, A., 367, 369, 398, 399 Yonas, H., 479

Yonemoto, L. T., 479 Young’s modulus, 12, 344 Young, A. C., 278 Young, A. R., 378, 398 Young, T., 359

Zacchello, G., 398

Zalewski, E. F., 383, 387, 399

Zanesco, L., 398

Zanzonico, P. B., 500

Zaremba, L. A., 542

Zaret, B. L., 225

Zecca, M., 398

Zhang, X-C., 372, 399

Zhang, X.-L., 542

Zhang, Y., 398

Zhou, X.-H., 532, 533, 542

Zhu, X.-H., 542

Ziegler, J. F., 415, 418–423, 435

Zinninger, M. D., 542

Zinonev, N. N., 398

Zipes, D. P., 194, 195, 201, 202, 212, 225, 283, 284

Zorec, R., 225

Zumo , B., 35, 36, 47

Zwanzig, R., 96, 109