Л.Ю. Галкина Неличные формы глагола (английский язык)

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higher prices. 3. She is usually the first to visit a sick classmate. 4. They are discussing the possibility of arranging extra classes. 5. I know some men working at your department. 6. A pan is a vessel to cook food in. 7. The problems discussed at the meeting are very important. 8. She never misses an opportunity of practising her English. 9. There are a great many things to be said in favour of the plan. 10. The conference being held in the assembly hall is devoted to some problems of automatic programming. 11. The idea suggested by you is the best one. 12. There’s no one to stop him. 13. The medicine being taken might do more harm (вред) than good. 14. It is a novel to read for enjoyment. 15. The broken glass was replaced with a new one. 16. She is the only woman to understand him.

IV. Проанализируйте и переведите предложения, в которых подлежащее выражено неличными формами и содержащими их оборотами.

1. Careless driving costs lives. 2. His being late for the lecture worried me. 3. They seem to be living here. 4. Getting money is more difficult than spending it. 5. To swim against the current is difficult. 6. Finding a good job is often impossible. 7. St. Basil's Cathedral in Red Square is stated to have been built on orders from Ivan the Terrible in 1561. 8. To travel in company with your friends was a real pleasure. 9. Being polite to other people is important. 10. Gutenberg is known to be the inventor of printing. 11. Living in a big town has many advantages (преимущество). 12. Jack’s having been confered the degree of Master of Arts helped him to find a good job. 13. To pass an examination is easy if one is well prepared. 14. Attack is said to be the best form of defense (защита). 15. Advertising helps to sell goods. 16. Monte Carlo being the best gambling (играть в азартные игры) place is a wellknown fact.

V. Переведите предложения, в которых неличные формы и содержащие их обороты являются дополнением.

1. Stop talking, for goodness sake! 2. We saw the boy knocked by the lorry. 3. I don't like wearing glasses in cold weather because they mist over when I go into a warm place. 4. Then the teacher asked the students to make up sentences of their own. 5. The librarian told you to give the books in but you haven't done so. 6. My sister is thinking of taking an English course next term. 7. Those who learn English dream of going to London. 8. They made me repeat the story. 9. I remember having shown her the letter. 10. The

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students had the scheme drawn. 11. He spoke of his work and of its being finished at last. 12. The doctor objected to (возражать) my being sent to Africa. 13. She denied (отрицать) her having been acquainted with him. 14. Jack saw the car knock agaist the tree. 15. I remember to have brought my text-book to class. 16. Everybody was tired of walking. 17. We saw him watching his reflection in the looking-glass. 18. I am so glad to have been of use.

VI. Определите функции неличных форм и содержащих их оборотов, переведите предложения.

1. Looking up words in a dictionary takes a lot of time. 2. The text contains a lot of words to be looked up in a dictionary. 3. Having looked the unknown words in the dictionary, I translated the sentence. 4. Your assignment is to look up the unknown words in a dictionary. 5. His looking up the unknown words in the dictionary helped me greatly. 6. I translate texts looking up the unknown words in a dictionary. 7. The text containing a lot of unknown words, I looked them up in the dictionary. 8. To translate the text you should look up a lot of words in a dictionary. 9. The students ought to have looked up the unknown words in a dictionary. 10. I hate looking up words in a dictionary because it takes a lot of time. 11. The text being translated contains a lot of unknown words. 12. The text is thought to contain a lot of unknown words. 13. I want the text to be translated. 14. The unknown words having been looked up in the dictionary, we could translate the text into Russian. 15. To translate the text is rather easy. 16. I had the text translated. 17. The text seems to contain a lot of unknown words. 18. The text contained a lot of unknown words, I looking them up in a dictionary. 19. You can help me by looking up some words in the dictionary. 20. You could have looked up the unknown words in a dictionary.

VII. Найдите в тексте изученные неличные формы, скажите, какими членами предложения они являются. Переведите неличные формы с относящимися к ним словами (предложения, содержащие неличные формы или входящие в них обороты, отдельные абзацы или весь текст).

The Loss of the Titanic

The tragic sinking of this great liner is known all over the world. Even by modern standards Titanic was a colossal ship. The 46 000 ton Titanic was

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regarded to be unsinkable. Having sixteen watertight compartments, she* would still be able to float even if two of them were flooded.

Having sailed from Southampton** on April 10th, 1912 the great ship was going to New York. Being the largest ship that had ever been built, she was carrying 1316 passengers and a crew of 891.

Four days after setting out, while sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, the passengers were all having a good time. Suddenly, a huge iceberg appeared. The alarm being given, the ship turned sharply to avoid a direct collision. It was done just in time. The wall of ice rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.

Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, the captain going down to see what had happened. No one thought the ship to have been damaged. The captain was the first to realize that the Titanic was rapidly sinking. Five of her sixteen watertight compartments had already been flooded.

To abandon the ship was the only thing to be done. The order having been given, hundreds of frightened people jumped into the icy water. Another ship was passing not far away. The sinking Titanic fired rockets into the air in order to get the help. But she did not even stop.

There being not enough life-boats for everybody, 1500 lives were lost. The loss of the Titanic is one of the greatest known sea disasters of all times. Her going down on the first voyage with heavy loss of life will always be remembered.

*she (not it) is used for all sorts of ship in Britain

**Southampton – г. Саутгемптон

Technical English

The great technical and scientific achievements of our age have urged very many people to study foreign languages. Students and post-graduates find that many of the books written on their subjects are in English, French, or German. Nowadays technical English is very popular in this country.

Let us examine the relation between ordinary English and technical English. Vocabulary, grammar and style are factors to be taken into consideration. When speaking we normally use short sentences. It often happens that we start saying one thing and then change our minds half way through, and finish by saying something different. To make ourselves clear we often repeat what we have said or make ourselves clear by gestures, or by the tone

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of our voice. We cannot do such things when writing. While carrying on an ordinary conversation we usually use the active form. In technical English the writer tries to disappear from the scene. For this reason the passive form is commonly used. You will hardly ever find a sentence beginning with “I”.

The scientists, being interested in causes of things, usually use such words as by, because of, by means of, etc. Isolated facts or events being seldom dealt with by engineer, simple sentences are not often used.

The problem of vocabulary is known to cause a lot of difficulties. Scientists, in trying to define things and notions accurately, have been making up technical words for hundreds of years. In using ordinary language we help our listeners to form pictures in their minds. More than half of all the vocabulary of science comes from Greek-Latin group, and therefore quite likely to be international. Some words may be familiar in every day life, but they may have a different meaning when used in a scientific context. At present great work is being carried out not only in making the existing terms more precise, but also in reducing their number.

Better Pump

We know human muscle power to be the only power available in some developing countries. Lifting water is one of its applications. But handgenerated pumps take a lot of efforts, the operator’s arms soon getting tired.

A group of British engineers have found a way to operate a pump using much less effort. The idea is using the weight of the human body. The operator, standing with each foot on a large pedal, moves them up and down by rocking (раскачиваться) from side to side. The pedals are connected to the pistons (поршень) pumping the water. It is possible to produce a stream of water at the rate of about 35 litres a minute. Two people taking turns (сменяться по очереди) could keep the pump going all day. The pump can be used for small irrigation projects, for supplying drinking water.

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Таблица 1.

Non-Finite Forms of the Verb

Напоминаем, что V обозначает основу глагола (его словарную форму), VIII - III форму неправильного глагола или основу правильного глагола с окончанием –ed, а Ving - основу любого глагола с окончанием - ing.

	The -ing Forms		The –ed Forms		The toForms (The infinitive)
	Active	Passive	Passive			Active	Passive
				Simple		Progressive
Non-	Ving	being + VIII	VIII	to + V		to be + Ving	to be + VIII
perfect
forms
Непер-
фектные
формы
выражают
одновре-
менные
действия.
	asking	being asked		to ask		to be asking	to be asked
	breaking	being broken	asked	to break		to be breaking	to be broken
			broken
						to have been + Ving

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having + VIII	having been + VIII	to have + VIII	to have been + VIII
Perfect
forms
Перфект-			to have been asking
ные			to have been breaking
формы
выражают
предшест-
вующие
действия.

having asked	having been asked	to have asked	to have been asked
having broken	having been broken	to have broken	to have been broken

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Таблица 2.		THE toFORMS
Место в предложении	Функция	Соответствия	Примеры	Перевод
		в русском языке
Перед сказуемым	подлежащее			Человеку свойственно (а)
		- существительное	To err is human.	ошибаться (ошибка).
		- неопределенная
		форма глагола
		- придаточные
		предложения:
		дополнительные,
		обстоятельствен-
		ные,

определительные

- сказуемое простого предложения

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После глагола-связки bе,	именная часть сказуемого		The purpose of the visit is	Цель визита заключается в
при подлежащем типа: in-	перевод связки: это, зна-		to exchange experience.	обмене опытом.
tention, task, plan, idea,	чить, состоять/заклю-		To live is to struggle.	Жить значит бороться.
purpose, problem	чаться в том, что/ что-			Жизнь это борьба.
	бы, являться			Жизнь – борьба.
После сказуемого	дополнение		I was pleased to receive	Мне было приятно полу-
			your message.	чить ваше послание.
Перед подлежащим или в			To be a qualified engineer	Чтобы стать квалифици-
конце предложения, иногда	обстоятельство цели		you should work hard.	рованным инженером, вам
после in order to, so as (для				следует много работать.
того /с тем/, чтобы), too	(зачем? с какой целью?
(слишком), sufficiently,	для чего?)		Our telescope is not suffi-	Наш телескоп недостаточ-
enough (достаточно)			ciently powerful to ob-	но мощный, чтобы наблю-
			serve the star.	дать за этой звездой.
После существительных,	определение		Monna Lisa is a master-	Мона Лиза - шедевр, кото-
порядковых числительных,	(указывает, что можно, а		piece to be admired.	рым можно восхищаться.
прилагательных в превос-	чаще - нужно или будет		This is the poem to be	Это стихотворение, кото-
ходной степени, the next,	сделано с лицом или		learned by heart.	рое надо заучить (будет
the last, the only (единст-	предметом, определяемым			заучиваться) наизусть.
венный), somеbody, nothing	инфинитивом)		Valentina Tereshkova was	Валентина Терешкова
и т.п.			the first woman to fly into	первой из женщин поле-
			space.	тела в космос.

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Таблица 3. Complexes with toforms

(toформа связана с предшествующим существительным или местоимением как подлежащее и сказуемое придаточного предложения)

Complex Subject

Verbs

Complex Object

(сложное подлежащее)

(глаголы, используемые

(сложное дополнение)

с оборотами):

подлежащее

сказуемое

to форма

1) физическоe восприятиe:

подлежащее

сказуемое

see, hear, feel*

2) знание, предположение:

личное место-

имение или

1) в Passive Voice

know, expect, suppose, consider,

дополнение

to форма

существитель-

(глаголы групп 1,2,3)

regard, think, believe, assume

ное в им. па-

2) в Асtive Voice:

3) говорение, сообщение:

местоимение

деже

seem, аppear – казаться, по-види-

report, declare, announce, state,

в объектном

мому

claim, say, note

или сущест-

рrove, turn out – оказываться

4) наблюдение:

вительное в

happen, chance - случаться

watch, observe, notice

общем падеже

3) сочетания:

5) желание, намерение:

личная

(un)likely – (мало)вероятно

want, wish, desire, intend, prefer,

We know

him

to be

форма + certain, sure – несомненно

like, hate, should/would like

a talented

scientist.

be

6) совет, просьба:

Перевод. 1. Дополнительным

advise, recommend, ask, request

He

is said

to be a talented scientist.

7) разрешение, принуждение, приказ:

придаточным предложением

аppears

allow, permit, enable, let, cause,

с союзами что, чтобы.

force, make (заставлять), tell, order,

Мы знаем, что он талантли-

Перевод. 1. Сказуемое – неопределенно-личным

command, часто help

вый учёный.

предложением, а

сложное подлежащее – дополни-

2. Простым предложением

тельным придаточным предложением.

Говорят (кажется), что он талантливый учёный.

* после этих и других выделенных

(с глаголами 7 группы).

глаголов-сказуемых в активном

He made us work.

2. Простым предложением с вводной фразой.

залоге toформа теряет «to»

Он заставил нас работать.

Он, (как) говорят (кажется), талантливый учёный.

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Таблица 4.		THE -ing FORMS
Место в предложении	Функция	Соответствия	Примеры							Перевод
		в русском языке
Перед сказуемым	подлежащее	- неопределённая	Learning rules without					Учить правила (заучивание
		форма глагола	examples is useless.					правил) без примеров
		- существительное						бесполезно.
После глагола-связки be	именная часть		Desiding is acting.					Принять решение значит
	сказуемого							действовать.
После сказуемого	дополнение		I dislike being idle.					Не люблю безделья (без-
	(с предлогом и без него)							дельничать).
Перед подлежащим или в		- деепричастие	(On, when, while)					Переводя текст (при переводе
			Translating the text we					текста, когда переводили
конце предложения, часто			made notes.					текст), мы делали записи.
после предлогов: (up)on, at,		- существительное с						Переведя (когда перевели)
in (по, при), without (без),			Having translated the					текст, мы сделали записи.
by (путём), instead of	обстоятельство	предлогом	text we made notes.					Будучи затачиваемым (при
(вместо) и др. и союзных			Being sharpened the					затачивании), грифель
слов: when, while (когда, в		- обстоятельственное						сломался.
то время как), которые			slate-pencil has broken.					После того, как текст прочли,
часто не переводятся		придаточное пред-						его перевели.
		ложение	Having been read the
			text was translated.
Перед существительным	определение	- прилагательное	a sleeping-car					спальный вагон
(одиночным) или после	указывает: 1) на назначение	- существительное	I couldn’t find a place for					Я не мог найти места для
существительного (с за-	предмета;	с предлогом	parking.					парковки.
висимыми словами и
предлогами of или for)
	2) на присущее предмету или	- действительное	a sleeping		baby			спящий		ребёнок (ребёнок,
		или страдательное						который спит)
	лицу качество	(P.V.) причастие	The problem being dis-					Проблема, обсуждаемая
		- определительное	cussed at the meeting is					(обсуждающаяся, которую
		придаточное пред-	of great significance.					обсуждают) на встрече, очень
		ложение						важна.