О.А. Ставцева Английский язык. Методические указания и устные материалы для выполнения контрольных работ №4, 5, 6
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sources of energy, whereas in winter they are used for the preliminary heating of water. Such solar installations make it possible to save about a third of the yearly expenditure of fuel.
V. Выпишите из 3-го абзаца предложение со сказуемым, содержащим модальный глагол, и переведите его.
VI. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Do the solar systems have the same or different functions in summer and winter? Запи-
шите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 4
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие субъектный и объектный инфинитивные обороты, инфинитив в функции определения.
1.Everyone knows the Earth to have been divided into twenty four time zones by an international agreement.
2.The Sun’s radiation is considered to be the result of gradual melting away its mass.
3.The metal to be tested in our laboratory will be magnetized and covered with a special substance.
II.Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие зависимый и независимый (самостоятельный) причастные обороты.
1.Being studied intensively by specialists of different branches X-rays have quickly found wide-scale application for various purposes.
2.The type of spectrum emitted depended on its source.
3.The laws of motion having been formulated, they were used to explain the movement of the Moon around the Earth and the planets around the Sun.
4.Biologists are the scientists studying living matter and its properties.
III.Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие условные предложения и сослагательное наклонение.
1.Plastics will be a perfect building material for your project if you reinforce them with a proper kind of fibers.
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2.If the rotary motion had not been transmitted to the car wheels, the car would not have moved.
3.It would be impossible to supply far-off regions with electric power without transmission lines.
IV. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его общее содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3, 5, 6 и 7.
«DRY» AND «WET» HEAT
1. Today great interest is being shown in the so called non-traditional electric power stations. The renewable sources of energy are rather varied, and this is one of the chief advantages of these inexhaustible reserves of power. Research is known to be carried on in various directions.
2.In Kamchatka there are geothermal power stations, working on hot mixture of water and steam obtained from the depths of about a kilometer. Similar stations are being constructed in Daghestan, Stavropol Territory, the Carpathians, where water will be heated by the warmth of rock at a depth of four-five kilometers.
3.Different wind-energy plants are also being developed and constructed – both small and powerful ones, their capacity ranging from several kilowatts to megawatts. Specialist expect the cost of the electricity generated by these stations to be much less per kilowatt-hour.
4.Another source of heat and electricity production is SHPSs (small hydroelectric power stations). There was a time – before and after World War II – when these stations were widespread all over the world. Nowadays there is a «renaissance» of SHPSs. In 1984, for instance, France had 1,100 of them, Sweden – 1,200, Japan – 1,3000. The rebirth of small HPSs is known to take place on a new, modern technological level – they are automated to the maximum and are constructed with the use of unified units.
5.What are the prospects of SHPSs in Russia? The energy potential of the SHPSs in the European part of the country is rather high. It is as much as of all hydroelectric power stations in operation in this region.
6.Of great interest is the project of an Arctic electric power station based on utilizing low-boiling liquids. In southern countries such stations work on the temperature difference between the upper and lower layers of the ocean, while the Arctic station will work on the temperature difference between water below ice and cold air.
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7. In short, developing new sources of energy and improving the old ones we will be able to solve the energy problem in a complex. The necessary increase in the production of energy is not to be limited by the traditional sources or accompanied by a deterioration of the environment.
V.Выпишите из 1-го абзаца предложение со сказуемым, стоящим
вPresent Progressive (Continuous) Passive Voice, и переведите его.
VI. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: What features differ modern small hydroelectric power stations from the old ones?
Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 5
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие субъектный и объектный инфинитивные обороты, инфинитив в функции определения.
1.The atomic structure of matter is known to have been discovered about 200 years ago.
2.The designers believe their new device to be able to maintain a desired pressure for a long time.
3.There are a great many of interesting things to be said about the Sun.
II.Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие зависимый и независимый (самостоятельный) причастные обороты.
1.Having changed chemical composition of steel the investigators changed its mechanical properties.
2.Tungsten (вольфрам) having a high melting point, it is widely used in electric lamps.
3.The atomic power station being built near the Arctic circle is to use a special technological scheme.
4.Most of the electricity used is produced by means of generators.
III.Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие условные предложения и сослагательное наклонение.
1.A part of the fire will be converted into carbon monoxide if there is no enough amount of air.
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2.The alchemists would have done much for the development of the chemical science, if they had had another purpose of their work.
3.It would be wrong to suppose that radio telescopes will completely replace the ordinary ones, because they have different fields of investigation.
IV. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его общее содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3, 4 и 6.
POWER ENGINEERING: TODAY AND TOMORROW
1.Today the Unified Power Grid (объединенная энергетическая система) of Russia is known to extend over a huge territory. Its electric power stations produce for over 93 per cent of all generated electricity. Electric transmission lines (ETLs) make it possible not only to transmit energy over thousands of kilometers, but to redistribute it between the country’s different regions. However, the process of transmission and distribution results in rather large losses of electrical energy.
2.Besides, there are still enormous areas not covered by centralized electric energy supply, and it will not be possible to build ETLs there in the nearest future. Moreover, this kind of electrification may be too expensive in some regions. That is why much attention is to be paid to the development of local or decentralized sources of energy.
3.The main source of energy in the remote areas of the North, the Far East, the mountain areas is the diesel electric power station or mobile diesel generator. The cost of a kilowatt-hour of electricity, produced by such units, as well as the cost of delivering liquid fuel to these areas is very high.
4.The other possible way of generating electricity is the use of renewable sources of energy – the sun, the wind, the tides, in short, everything which is now called «soft energy» (энергия из возобновляемых источников). Many non-traditional methods of generating electricity are not competitive today, the physical reasons being the low density of the energy of solar rays, wind, waves and the inconstancy of their power in time.
5.However, the shortcomings of these sources can be compensated by joining them into a system. For example, electricity and heat may be produced through a combination of wind generator, photoelectric transformers, solar collectors and a diesel generator. And if there is a water stream, where the turbine of a micro hydroelectric power station can be placed, the need for a diesel generator may disappear. Such installations do not adversely affect the environment.
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6. A wide-scale use of local decentralized power sources would make it possible to generate and utilize energy without enormous transportation costs. They can serve as a reserve of power at the time of rush periods in energy consumption, in case of stoppage or breakdown in the central system of energy supply.
V. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца предложение со сказуемым, содержащим эквивалент модального глагола must, и переведите его.
VI. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: In what way is it possible to overcome the drawbacks of non-traditional sources of energy? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 5
Для выполнения работы используйте следующие разделы курса.
1.Грамматические функции глаголов should, would.
2.Инфинитивные и причастные обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям русского языка.
3.Разные значения слов as, because, both, either, for, neither, since,
выступающих самостоятельно или в сочетании с другими словами.
Вариант 1
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1.The engineer’s assistant should regularly adjust the temperature of the reaction.
2.Astronomers would be unable to calculate and correct the sputnik’s orbit without electronic computers.
3.If you came to our mine next week, we should show you new mining equipment.
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитивные и причастные обороты, которым в русском языке обычно соответствуют придаточные предложения.
1. The choice of the material to be used depends upon many factors.
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2.M. Lomonosov is known to have pointed out that rocks and minerals undergo constant changes.
3.There being no higher schools specializing in geology, the number of geologists in pre-revolutionary time was very small.
4.We believe this process to be introduced on a wide scale in two decades.
5.If improved this technique may be used to manufacture transistors for interplanetary communication.
III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения выделенных слов и словосочетаний.
1.The information of this article is interesting as well as useful for our research.
2.We had to replace the device used for inputting data to the computer for it had some drawbacks.
3.As a designer he should know both the advantages and disadvantages of the material used for his project.
IV. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его общее содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1 и 4.
ALITTLE ON COMPUTERS
1.A computer is considered to be a specific kind of counting machine. We know it to be able to do arithmetic problems much faster than any person. By means of electronic circuits it can find the answer to the most difficult problem within a few seconds. A computer can remember information which you give it. The information is stored in the machine’s memory until it is needed. When you are ready to solve a problem, you can make the computer sort out the facts and use only the needed ones.
2.There are different kinds of computers, the main of them being called «special-purpose» and «general-purpose» computers. The first of them are developed for doing only one job, over and over again. Each specific job requires a specific computer. Computers of the second type can do many different jobs. Such machines are the «big brains» capable of solving the most difficult problems in scientific and research work.
3.At first, a computer was a very large machine occupying a whole room. Today computers are becoming smaller and smaller, some of them are
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even being put inside other devices. These tiny computers are called microcomputers or minicomputers, but they are real computers.
4. We know a computer to consist of several main parts. First, its memory where information is stored. The information may be presented either as an instruction or some data. A lot of instructions or data can be stored in a computer. Second, an arithmetic unit performing calculations. Third, a device which makes the machine perform the necessary operations in the correct sequence. Fourth, input and output devices which are called peripherals. The first of them is used for supplying data (in the form of numbers) to the machine and the second one – for displaying the results of calculations.
V. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: What do we call the computers which are developed for doing a variety of jobs? Запи-
шите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 2
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1.If he knew that the test was dangerous he would take some special measures.
2.It should be mentioned that nearly everything that we do in the modern world is helped, or even controlled, by computers.
3.It would be impossible for biologists to examine the smallest organisms without the help of a special microscope.
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитивные и причастные обороты, которым в русском языке обычно соответствуют придаточные предложения.
1.The chief engineer wanted his team to install the device next week.
2.All the details having been discussed, they decided to test the new
method.
3.Computers to be used for controlling the production will be delivered in a month.
4.When tested the new synthetic materials showed some properties which natural materials did not possess.
5.Everyone knows engineers to master new methods of utilizing the Sun’s energy.
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III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения выделенных слов и словосочетаний.
1.Operation began as soon as the machines had been installed.
2.Coal is extracted both in mines and in quarries, either of these methods is being widely used in our region.
3.Because of its tiny size this computer is called either minicomputer or microcomputer.
IV. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его общее содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3 и 4.
A NEW MICROCOMPUTER
1.An entirely new microcomputer is reported to have been developed in our country. It is equipped with an arithmetic logical device to carry preset (заранее составленный) programs. Because of this feature the microcomputer is capable to perform various logical functions. The arithmetic logical device is adjusted by computers of a higher level. The memory unit based on semiconductors keeps information for several days even if the power supply is turned off. In this case the microcomputer automatically switches over to the microaccumulator. It should be said that it is comparatively easy to change commands or add new ones.
2.Specialists say the new computer to be very small both in size and weight. It is resistant to temperature changes, does not require special ventilation, is reliable and easy to operate.
3.The computer can be used as an information-processing unit in com- puter-controlled complexes and as a built-in computer in various analysing and displaying devices. To control technological processes the computer receives data, calculates the optimal operational conditions and supplies the necessary signals. The program having been written by technicians, the operator inputs the required data. In casting technology, for example, computer receives information on the temperature in the furnace, the speed of the liquid metal movements, location of different devices, etc. Having processed the data it keeps the temperature and the pressure within required limits, and commands the beginning of the casting operation.
4.The field of the computer’s application is said to be vast. It can analyse various substances in oil, gas, chemical and food industries as well as soil and plants. It can also be used to process information about environmental conditions, to control conveyors and other equipment.
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V. Прочитайте 1-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: What feature allows the new microcomputer to keep information in case of turning off the power supply? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 3
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1.It would be impossible to fulfil this task if we did not take into consi-deration the results of the last experiment.
2.Without electricity we should be able to work only during day-light
hours.
3.Automation should cover most of the production processes in various branches of national economy.
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитивные и причастные обороты, которым в русском языке обычно соответствуют придаточные предложения.
1.When supplied with good raw material the plant has greatly improved the quality of its products.
2.Coal is considered to have been formed on the Earth millions of years ago.
3.We know gravity to affect every particle of a body.
4.The electronic devices having improved the control, we could ensure regular production processes.
III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения выделенных слов и словосочетаний.
1.When there is sound there is movement as all sounds are produced by something that vibrates.
2.As the work was progressing the team of researchers was achieving
better results |
because they applied new and precise instruments. |
3. As for |
this engine it did not operate because of poor fuel. |
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IV. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его общее содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3, 4 и 5.
WHAT CAN COMPUTERS DO?
1.The first electronic computers are believed to have appeared in 1945-1946. Many people think computers to have a lot of remarkable features, but most of them, both large and small, have three basic capabilities.
2.First, they have circuits for performing arithmetic operations – addition, subtraction, division, multiplication. Second, they have a means of communicating with a user. If we could not input information and get results back, these machines would not be of much use. Third, they have circuits for making decisions. A computer can solve a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can solve a problem much more quicker than a man and replace people in doing routine jobs but it cannot be original for it works according to the instructions given to it. A computer cannot do anything until a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information.
3.In spite of their variety, electronic computers are divided into gene- ral-purpose and special-purpose machines. The machines of the first type are able to do all types of arithmetic computation as well as to perform a large number of other operations, permitting the user to process data for many different purposes. Further classification of general-purpose computers is usually given on the basis of their size and the computation speed.
4.Special-purpose computers are limited either by the type of computations or by the functions which they can perform. There are, for example, computers used only to control various things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments and so on.
5.Computers cannot replace the creativity of human brain but they release us from mechanical and monotonous work. When it comes to the ability to see, move and react to stimuli, no computer can be compared with even the brain power of a fly.
V. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Can a computer be as original in doing jobs as man and why? Запишите и пере-
ведите вопрос и ответ.