О.А. Ставцева Английский язык. Методические указания и устные материалы для выполнения контрольных работ №4, 5, 6
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Вариант 4
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1.The manager said that the engine would be tested in a week.
2.If they had studied the problem in detail they would have explained this chemical reaction earlier.
3.This generator should give much more intensive beam of neutrons.
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитивные и причастные обороты, которым в русском языке обычно соответствуют придаточные предложения.
1.The engine being based on a quite new principle, the operator could not start it.
2.The data to be published in this magazine were found in our experimental work.
3.The water is known to decompose into hydrogen and oxygen when affected by electric current.
4.We expected our research to reveal the secret of this phenomenon.
5.When discovered this artificial radioactive element was named «einsteinium» (эйнштейний) in honor of Albert Einstein.
III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения выделенных слов и словосочетаний.
1.As a vector this parameter has direction as well as magnitude.
2.It is a well-known fact that gases have neither size nor shape of their own, liquids do not have them as well.
3.They could not start the construction for the water level in the river was falling for more than a week.
IV. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его общее содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3 и 4.
COMPUTERS
1. We know a computer system to be a collection of components which work together to process data. The purpose of a computer system is to make it easier for us to solve problems because it is able to perform thousands of calculations per second. A functioning computer system includes hardware (аппаратные средства) and software (программные средства) elements.
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2.The hardware elements are the mechanical devices of the system: the machinery and the electronics that perform physical functions. The software elements are the programs written for the system. There is a great variety of programs but all of them are aimed at performing logical and mathematical operations as well as providing a means for controlling the system. Besides, there is documentation which includes the manuals telling you how to use the hardware and software. Having combined these components one can get a complete computer system.
3.Usually, a computer system requires three basic hardware units: the computer to perform data processing, a terminal device to provide two-way communication between the user and the system, a storage device to store programs and data. System software is a block of programs which include operations, functions, and routines (стандартная программа). It is the programs which make it possible to use the hardware for solving problems and producing results. System software always includes an operating system which is known as the «intelligence» of the computer system.
4.Computing equipment is known to be divided into two main classes: analogue and digital. Working on different principles they produce different results. The digital computers can perform a larger number of functions than the analogue ones. That’s why they are widely used for all forms of automatic control in science and industry and, first of all, in space exploration and navigation of aircraft and ships.
V. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: How many components does a complete computer system consist of? Name them.
Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 5
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should, would.
1.Scientists should calculate the exact distance between the planets by means of laser devices.
2.If they used carbon, the new alloy would possess some special properties.
3.Scientists supposed that this cosmic flight would give something fundamentally new for space radio-communication.
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II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитивные и причастные обороты, которым в русском языке обычно соответствуют придаточные предложения.
1.The atmosphere proves to extend several hundred kilometres above the Earth.
2.We know electrons to travel from the cathode to the anode.
3.A transformer having been used, it became possible to increase and to decrease the voltage in the electric circuit.
4.Unless improved this lubricant cannot reduce the frictional contact between the rotating parts of the engine.
5.The substance to be subjected to heating is to be carefully analysed in our laboratory.
III.Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение выделенных слов и словосочетаний.
1.To use some structural material the designer must know either stresses or deformations under various operating conditions, or both.
2.Since the Sun’s mass is 18 x 1026 tons no one should be afraid that we will be left in the cold.
3.Since that time only mechanized methods have been used in that region for both coal and gold extraction.
IV. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его общее содержание. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3 и 4.
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
1.The word «computer» is known to come from a Latin word «to count». A computer is a machine with a complex network of electronic circuits due to which it is able to store and manipulate numbers, letters, and characters (знак, символ). There are four steps that any computer uses in doing its job: inputting of data, processing of the input data, storage of the data, production of some useful output.
2.There are different kinds of computers developed for doing only one job or for doing many different jobs and solving the most complex problems. The basic job of any computer is the processing of information. That’s why computers may be defined as devices which accept information either in the form of instructions or in the form of characters (known as a program and data, respectively), perform mathematical and/or logical operations on
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the information, and then supply the results of these operations. The program, which tells the computer what is to be done, and the data, which provide the information for solving the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called «memory».
3.Some of the most usual methods of inputting information are to use punched cards, magnetic tapes, disks, and terminals. The function of the computer’s input device is to supply the information into the computer. To output information one can use two devices – either a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a display screen which shows the results on a TV-like screen.
4.At first computers were very large machines and cost millions of dollars. Nevertheless, it was cheaper to have a million-dollar computer than a hundred of workers doing the same job by hand. Computers having become powerful tools, answering numerous questions and helping us change our environment, it would be impossible to imagine our life without them.
V. Прочитайте 2-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: What kind of information is called a «program»? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 6
Вариант 1
I. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его общее содержание. II. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца предложение со сказуемым в сослага-
тельном наклонении и переведите его.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 4 и 5.
ROBOTICS
1.Automation of modern production is known to be based on flexible automated lines, computer technologies, industrial robots, automated equipment fitted with built-in control systems. Operation of automated means of control over the industrial processes and the state of equipment is based on a wide-scale application of microprocessors. All these are indicators of the level of the country’s technical and economic development.
2.The application of robotics would be impossible without a technical base. We know such base to include, first of all, electronic computers and
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communication equipment. It is the creation of microprocessors which made a revolution in robotics.
3.Being of miniature size and of low cost, microprocessors have provided the development of adaptive robots fitted with pickups, means of inspection, technical vision and other artificial sensory organs. Such robots are widely used in flexible production lines which can be quickly switched to the manufacture of new products. Robots’ application as well as their types are affected by the structural features of economic development and the state of manpower in each individual country.
4.We know industrial robots to be of special significance for performing operations which are either harmful or tiresome for man. Robots with grippers are installed, for example, to do handling (погрузочно-раз- грузочный) operations within a flexible transport system of the plant. This requires the gripper to be designed specially for the geometry of a particular part. It should be noted, however, that a robot will never be able to replace man with his unique individuality without which there would be no art.
5.Like any other machine, robots are to improve the quality of products, increase output, cut production costs, and reduce the labour force. If they cannot do all this, they are of no use. The more perfect the robots are, the more automated the production processes will be.
IV. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: What is the main characteristic feature of flexible production lines? Запишите и пере-
ведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 2
I.Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его общее содержание. II. Выпишите из 2-го абзаца предложение со сказуемым, содержа-
щим эквивалент модального глагола, и переведите его.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3 и 4.
ROBOTS DEVELOPMENT
1. The words «robot» meaning «work» is known to have taken its origin in 1920 and to have been invented by Karel Čapek (Чапек), a great Czech playwright. A lot of scientists were working hard at the development and improvement of robots. Robots are created to replace man for doing dangerous, hard or monotonous work.
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2.The Russian Lunokhods, for example, are eight-wheeled robots. Having landed them on the Moon, scientists were able to transmit them various radio commands. Robots were involved in doing a lot of jobs: taking samples of the Moon soil and analysing it, performing a number of cosmic ray experiments, taking pictures of the planet’s surface, etc.
3.Modern industrial robot is an automatic machine, either stationary or mobile. Its main units are a manipulator and a reprogramable device which instructs the robot and controls its movements in the production process. We know industrial robots to have found a wide application in different fields of national economy.
4.They are taught to perform operations with toxic materials as well as to do loading and unloading operations. They are able to lift heavy weights, to do welding, painting, assembling and other operations. Special attention is paid to the use of robots in dangerous working conditions. Robots being introduced on a wide scale, it is possible to increase the output of goods and improve their quality, to achieve a higher level of the country’s technical and economic development.
5.At present, scientists are working at improving intelligent robots, the theoretical basis of which is called «Artificial Intelligence». We know such robots to be fitted with components capable of performing such man’s functions as seeing, hearing, detecting movements and so on.
IV. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: What can intelligent robots do? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 3
I. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его общее содержание. II. Выпишите из 5-го абзаца предложение, содержащее независи-
мый причастный оборот, и переведите его.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2 и 4.
SOMETHING ON INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS
1. Man has always tried to make physical work easier by using more efficient tools and mechanical means. In 1850s man’s muscle power accounted for 15 per cent, animals’ muscle power – for 79 per cent, while water, wind and steam machines – for only 6 per cent of the total power. Nowadays, the muscle power of men and animals is considered to be about one
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per cent of the total power expenditure while the other 99 per cent is being generated by steam, gas, electric and other engines.
2.Radical changes in the proportions of manual labour and machine labour have been achieved due to the development of science and technology, introduction of automated means of production. One of the latest achievements in the area of automation is known to be the use of industrial robots.
3.Modern robots are impressive. Over the period of twenty years they have learned to do the operations of welding, painting, assembly of different machines and some other jobs. Quite recently these operations could be performed only by man. It should be said, however, that fastening screws and nuts is extremely difficult for a one-armed robot. Some people thought that robots would be able to conquer the world, but now the situation is changing.
4.We know now that the industrial robot is not something supernatural. It is only the most perfect form of the technique used in handling processes. The use of robots in industry is considered to be identical to the use of automatic machine tools and automated production lines. Their purpose is not only to imitate or to replace manual actions of man, but also to perform production operations more quickly and better than a man.
5.We know early robots had a limited use in industry because they were too expensive. The cost being steadily reduced, robots are being applied in national economy on a wider scale.
IV. Прочитайте 3-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Will robots be able to completely replace man for doing all possible kinds of job? Запи-
шите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 4
I. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его общее содержание. II. Выпишите из 5-го абзаца текста предложение со сказуемым,
стоящим в Present Perfect, и переведите его.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2 и 3.
WHAT IS A ROBOT?
1. In all times nearly each production process was in need of handling (погрузочно-разгрузочный) operations. At first they had to be performed by man, or manual labour. The development of microprocessors, computer
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technologies, industrial robots, automated equipment and flexible automated systems with built-in control systems made it possible to relieve people from handling heavy loads.
2.We know the prototypes of modern robots to be various kinds of apparatus used to transport objects over some distance, because human contact with such objects was either hazardous or uncomfortable. The first manipulators applied in the atomic industry are considered to have been developed between 1940-1950. Such manipulators were also used in deepsea technology, metallurgy, and other areas of industry.
3.The first robot for industrial application appeared on the USA market in 1962. The phrase «industrial robot» is known to have appeared at the same time. In Russia the first serious results in robot design and its application in industry were achieved in the sixties. The first underwater computer-controlled automatic manipulator was designed in 1968 and the first types of modern industrial robots were developed in 1971.
4.Robots fill the gap between special-purpose automated machines and human labour and provide a substitute for man when the operation involves the same basic motions every cycle. Their advantages are considered to be the ability to work for two and three shifts, to work in hazardous situations, to transfer heavy loads.
5.Modern industrial robots are powerful re-programmable machines of different shapes, sizes and capabilities. They help increase labour productivity and solve problems of workers’ safety. They have demonstrated capability to do a lot of jobs: painting, welding, assembling, and so on.
IV. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: What is the main feature of work allowing robot to replace man? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
Вариант 5
I. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его общее содержание.
II. Выпишите из 4-го абзаца предложение со сказуемым, стоящим во временной группе Progressive (Continuous), и переведите его.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2 и 3.
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AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS
1.The introduction of comprehensive production automation is believed to increase labour productivity in basic areas of the national economy, reliability, quality and competitiveness of the output, as well as to achieve a higher technological level and efficiency of production processes. At the same time it reduces the use of manual and unskilled labour.
2.One of the ways to achieve automation is a wide-scale application of industrial robots. We know the term «robot» to cover a class of computercontrolled machines which follow some pattern of behavior on the basis of their program. Their basic components are: the manipulator, the control and the power supply.
3.In production processes industrial robots may be used for different purposes: 1) as a means of flexible automation of the basic technological equipment (presses, furnaces, etc.); 2) as a means for performing auxiliary operations (transportation, removal of wastes); 3) as basic technological equipment (to carry out assembling, welding, painting and other operations); 4) as a means of inspection. In a typical inspection job, using a sensor the robot determines whether the inspected part meets the quality specifications.
4.At present there are more complicated robots having a nervous system and organs to see and to touch different objects. As we know industrial robots made their first appearance in mechanical engineering. It is the area where they are being used most extensively up to our days.
5.Robots are expected to have a wider application in technologies characterized by heavy or dangerous working conditions. They also replace man in jobs requiring monotonous or repetitive motions. In general, the structure of the fleet of industrial robots in each country is determined by the structure and orientation of industry, the state and the cost of manpower, economic conditions and so on.
IV. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте на вопрос: Does the structure of the fleet of industrial robots affect the structure of the country’s industry? Запишите и переведите вопрос и ответ.
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III. ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ГОРНЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ
Тексты для самостоятельного чтения
1. COAL, ITS TYPES, AND USES
Everyone knows coal to be one of the most important natural fuels. It took nature millions of years to form coal by the slow decomposition of vegetable matter buried in the Earth. Like petroleum and natural gas, coal is carbon-based fuel. Scientists established it to consist mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen combined in complex groupings.
According to the amount of heat it produces (which is called calorific or heat value [теплотворность]), coal is classified into four ranks, or types. The heat value of coals depend on their hardness or on the amount of fixed carbon they contain.
The softest coal is lignite or brown coal followed by sub-bituminous coal containing much less moisture than the first. Both are used as an ordinary fuel, mostly to produce steam and electricity at electric power stations. Soft coals are also divided into coking and non-coking ones.
Bituminous coal with a high heat value and little moisture is widely used both to generate electricity and to produce coke used in steel industry. It is the world’s most abundant coal. The hardest coal, anthracite, has a very high heat value. Burning slowly it makes a good home heating fuel.
Coal is considered to be hard if it contains about 6 per cent of volatile matter. When burning it gives a great deal of heat without producing much smoke or flame. In general, the harder the coal, the less moisture it contains and the more efficient it is as a fuel.
2. HISTORY OF RUSSIAN SCIENCE OF MINING
Coal has long been accepted as one of the main sources of power. Neither industrial enterprises, nor electrical power plants would be able to operate without coal. As fuel it is widely utilized in the domestic economy. Being a valuable raw material it is used to manufacture a variety of chemical products, including coke and gas. That’s why great attention is to be paid to the coal mining industry.
The history of Russian coal mining goes back to the far-off times. The theory and practice of mining and smelting were first systemized by M. Lo-