Baumol & Blinder MACROECONOMICS (11th ed)

LICENSED TO:

foreign direct, 147–148 in Germany, 144

in government budget, 283 growth, 138–140, 302

in housing, 271 induced, 178–179, 311 lagging, 144

monetary policy, 271–272 and savings, 183–184 surge in, 144–145

trade deficit, 382, 387–390 variability of, 164–165

Investment in human capital, 136 Investment spending, 155, 164–165 Investor protection, 140

Invisible hand, 56, 70

IRA (Individual Retirement Accounts), 163 Iran, 352

Iraq, 211, 307, 313, 352

IT (Information technology), 144–145 Italy, 22, 26, 35, 113, 140, 148, 363

It‘s a Wonderful Life (Capra), 249 Ivory trade, 76

J

Jackson, Andrew, 245 Japan

central bank of, 264 deflation, 209

educational attainment in, 148 exchange rates, 363, 383

GDP of, 22 investment in, 144

investor protection, 140 labor, 136, 341

living standards, 347–348 openness of economy, 24 productivity, 106–107 taxation, 35, 300–301

trade with U.S., 165–166, 343–345, 346–347, 388

unemployment rates, 26 wages, 341

Jefferson, Thomas, 34

Job market for college graduates, 211 Job placement, 331–332

K

Kelly, Richard, 55 Kennedy, John F., 115, 221 Kenya, 76

Kerry, John, 232

Keynes, John Maynard, 153, 165, 175 Bretton Woods system, 371

on coordination failure, 184 on equilibrium GDP, 176

The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, 95, 168, 182

on Great Depression, 182 Keynesian model

aggregate demand curve, 273–274 monetary policy, 272–274, 281 money and price level in, 272–274 recessions, 330–331

Keynesian theory, 11

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 113 Krueger, Alan, 115 Kydland, Finn, 294

L

Labor

costs of, 341

division of, 48–49, 50 as input, 26–30

mobility impediments, 342–343 quality of, 136

supply of, 202–203

Labor force, 108–109

Labor productivity, 107, 109–110, 146 Labor Statistics, Bureau of, 113–114 Lags, 229, 283–284, 291–295

Latin America, and property rights, 140

Law of supply and demand. see Supply and demand

Liability, 251–252 Liquidity, 247

Living standards, 347–348 London School of Economics, 11 Lucas, Robert E., Jr., 133

M

M1, 246–247. see also Money

M2, 247. see also Money

Maastricht Treaty, 264

Macroeconomic policy, goals of, 105–130 economic growth, 106–111

low inflation, 116–125

low unemployment, 111–116 Macroeconomics, 83–101. see also specific

topics

and aggregate demand, 105–106 and aggregate supply, 105

and aggregation, 84–85

exchange rates. see Exchange rates fluctuations, economic. see

Fluctuations, economic gross domestic product, 87–91 vs. microeconomics, 84–85 stabilization policy, 99–101 supply and demand in, 85–87

Managed float, 374 Manufacturing, 28, 30, 340–341 Maps, 8–9, 17–18

Marginal analysis, 125

Marginal propensity to consume (MPC), 160–161

Market economy, 48. see also Free markets; Free trade; Price system

Market exchange, 50

Market failure. see Free markets Market power. see also Antitrust laws;

Regulation

Market price, 41

Market system, 50–52 Market value of time, 42

Markets, 32. see also Free markets Marshall, Alfred, 199

Marshall, Steve, 69

Marx, Karl, 35, 52 Mazda, 32

McCain, John, 222, 228, 232, 300 McCullough, Robert, 60 McDonnell-Douglas, 349 Medicaid/Medicare, 34

Medium of exchange, 244. see also Money Mercantilism, 348

Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 46

Mexico

central bank of, 265 currency, 363, 373, 374

educational attainment in, 148 growth, 138

investor protection, 140

INDEX

417

labor costs, 341 openness of economy, 24 trade with U.S., 346 wages, 340–341

Microeconomics, vs. macroeconomics, 84–85

Military spending, 45 Milk consumption, 67 Mill, John Stuart, 241 Minimum wage, 115

Misallocation of resources, 75–76. see also

Resource allocation

Mixed economy, 36

Mobility impediments, 342–343 Monetarism, 277, 281, 282, 286–287 Monetary control. see Monetary policy

Monetary policy

aggregate demand, influence on, 272, 301

aggregate supply, 273

changing reserve requirements, 270 contractionary, 270

definition, 6, 261–262 expansionary, 268, 270, 272–273,

309–310, 314, 324, 372 Federal Reserve System, 263–265 vs. fiscal policy, 270, 283–284, 301 inflation, 273

inflation targeting, 97, 100, 293, 325–326

and inflationary effects of deficit spending, 309

interest rates, 271

international capital flows, 384–386 investment, 271–272

Keynesian model, 272–274, 281 lending to banks, 269–270

methods of monetary control, 268–270 money vs. income, 262

multiplier, 272 need for, 259

in open economy, 384–386 open-market operations, 265–268 policy debates, 274

total expenditure, 271–272 trade deficit, 382, 387–390 unemployment, 324 workings of, 270–272

Monetary union, 375

Monetizing the deficit, 309–310

Money, 50. see also Money supply anticounterfeiting features, 245 vs. barter, 243–244

creation of, 252–258

limits by single bank, 252–254 oversimplified formula, 258 by a series of banks, 254–256

full-bodied paper money, 246 growth of, and inflation, 282 vs. income, 262

inflationary expectations, 326–328 M1/M2, 246–247

measurements of, 246–248 as medium of exchange, 244 nature of, 242–246

objects used as, 244–246

and price level in Keynesian model, 272–274

primitive forms of, 244 quantity theory of, 278–281 redesigning bills, 245

Money cost, 41–42, 274

Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.

LICENSED TO:
418	INDEX
Money market deposit accounts, 247		Net worth, 252	inflationary expectations, 326–328
Money market mutual funds, 247		Netherlands, 24, 35	origins of, 319–320
Money multiplier, 256		“New Economy,” 97–98, 318	short-run, 324, 325, 327
Money profit, 43		New York City, rent controls in, 72–73	supply-side inflation, 214–215,
Money supply, 246–248. see also Money		New York Times, 76	318–319, 321–322
bank discretion over, 248–249		NIH (National Institutes of Health), 143	vertical long-run, 323, 327–328
contractions of, 256–258		Nippon Steel Co., 69	Physical assets, 155
and Federal Reserve System, 284–287		Nissan, 32	Physical resources, 40
origins of, 251–252		Nixon, Richard, 96, 371	Political business cycles, 293–294
Money-fixed asset, 162, 180		NNP (Net national product), 170	Political stability, 140
Moral hazard, 250		No Child Left Behind, 141	Politics, 293–294, 314
Mozambique, 140		Nobel Prize winners	Polo, Marco, 245
MPC (Marginal propensity to consume),		Finn Kydland, 294	Population, and shifts in demand curve, 59
	160–161	Robert E. Lucas, Jr., 133	Positive slope, 14
Mugabe, Robert, 124		Edward Prescott, 294	Post office, 23
Multinational corporations, 31–32,		Robert M. Solow, 3	Potential GDP, 108–112, 149, 153, 182,
	147–148	Nominal GDP, 88, 92	205, 310
Multiplier		Nominal rate of interest, 120–122	Poverty, 226
aggregate demand curve, 190–191		Nominal wage, 118, 201–202, 207–208	PPF (Production possibilities frontier),
algebraic statement, 187–189		Nonconsumption uses, as portion of	43–44, 45, 138, 347
and automatic stabilizers, 225		GDP, 31	Practical policy, vs. theory, 10
definition, 185–186		North American Free Trade Agreement	Predictable inflation, 123
and demand-side equilibrium,		(NAFTA), 340, 348	Prescott, Edward, 294
	185–189, 190–191, 193–197	Northern Rock (bank), 242, 249	Presidential campaign (2008), 222, 226,
effect on equilibrium GDP, 223		Northern Telecom, 32	228, 231
as general concept, 189–190		NSF (National Science Foundation), 143	Presidential campaigns, and supply-side
and government transfer payments, 35,		NTT, 32	economics, 232
	157, 225–226, 332	O	Price
illustration of, 186–187			advantage for domestic firms, 350
and income determination, 193–194		Obama, Barack, 222, 228, 232, 300, 340	and aggregate demand curve, 228
inflation, 204–205		Official deficit, 306	of energy, 60, 144–145
interest rates, 282–283		Offshoring, 340–341	equilibrium, 358–359
and international trade, 195–196		Oil, 56, 68–69, 211–212, 216, 321–322	and income distribution, 231–232
monetary policy, 272		On-the-job training, 141–142	of inputs, 63
overstatement of, 224		OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Export-	international trade, 358–360
spending chain, 187		ing Countries), 96, 144, 211, 216	price ratios and exchange rates, 346
taxes, 223–226, 237		Open economy, 23–24, 379, 382, 384–386	and recessionary gap, 207–208
variability of, 229		Open-market operations, 265–268	of related outputs, 64
with variable imports, 194–197		bank reserves market, 216, 265–266	relative, 119–120, 165–166, 381
N		bond prices, 268	supports during Great Depression, 73
		contractionary, 285	Price ceilings, 70–71
NAFTA (North American Free Trade		expansionary, 285–286	Price controls, 56–57, 96
	Agreement), 340, 348	interest rates, 268	Price floors, 73
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space		mechanics of, 266–268	Price index, 128–129
	Administration), 143	Opportunity cost	Price level, 162, 212–213
National Aeronautics and Space		and comparative advantage, 49	Price system, 56, 348
	Administration (NASA), 143	definition, 4–5	Principle of increasing costs, 44
National debt		money cost, 41–42, 274	Priorities, 40
as a burden, 307–308		nature of, 45	Prism, Miss, 361
contributors, 312		and production possibilities frontier, 44	Private-enterprise economy, 23
definition, 303		scarcity and choice, 40–42	Production, 108–109, 155–157, 170–171
facts, 303–305		Optimal decision, 42	Production function, 108–109
foreign holders of, 308		Optimal purchase rule, 125	Production indifference maps, 18
interest on, 34		Organization of Petroleum Exporting	Production possibilities frontier (PPF),
relative to GDP, 304		Countries (OPEC), 96, 144, 211, 216	43–44, 45, 138, 347
and slow growth, 311–312		Origin, 13	Productivity
National defense, 34, 351–352		Outputs, 30–32, 42, 50–52, 105, 108–109, 157	aggregate supply curve, 202
National income, 153–155, 157, 165, 170		P	and capital, 135
National income accounting, 168–172			growth, 106–107, 134–136, 145
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 143		Panama, 374	of labor, 107, 109–110, 146
National Science Foundation (NSF), 143		Paper money. see Money	labor quality, 136
Natural rate of unemployment, 323,		Pensions, 34	levels of, 136–138
	331–332	Perfect competition, 33–34	rate of, 143–147
Natural resources, 56–57, 96		Perot, Ross, 348	slow down (1973–1995), 143–144
Near moneys, 247		Personal income tax, 230	specialization, 48, 50, 341, 344,
Negative income tax (NIT), 226		Personal services, cost disease of, 146–147	347–348
Negative slope, 14		Peru, 138	speed-up (1995-?), 144–145
Net exports, 155, 165–166, 195, 380. see also		Phillips, A.W., 10–11, 319	technology, 135
	Exports	“Phillips curve,” 10–11	Productivity growth, 6–7
Net national product (NNP), 170		Phillips curve, 317	Profits, 31
Net of transfers, 157		definition, 322–324	Progressive taxation, 35
Net taxes, 157		and inflation targeting, 293, 325–326	Property rights, 140

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LICENSED TO:

		INDEX	419
Proportional tax, 35	Related outputs, prices of, 64	Spending policy, 227–228
Protectionism	Relative prices, 119–120, 165–166, 381	Stabilization policy
infant-industry argument, 352–353	Rent controls, 72–73	and aggregate supply curve, 287–289
national defense, 34, 351–352	Report on Manufacturers (Hamilton), 352	automatic stabilizers, 225
noneconomic considerations, 351–352	Republican Party, fiscal policy, 228	criticism of, 278, 290
for particular industries, 350–351	Research and development (R&D), 142–143	definition, 133
popularity of, 352	Research and Experimentation Tax	disagreements about, 330–331
price advantage for domestic firms, 350	Credit, 143	effectiveness, 100–101
Safire on, 354	Reserve requirements, 251	and full employment, 182
satire, 355	Resource allocation, 47–49, 75–76	lags in, 283–284, 292
strategic trade policy, 353	Resources, 40. see also Resource allocation	in macroeconomics, 99–101
trade deficit, 382, 387–390	Retail sector, 28	role of, 216
Prudhoe Bay, 68–69	Revaluation (currency), 363, 370	Stagflation, 96, 199, 200, 210–212, 216
Public debt. see National debt	Ricardo, David, 49, 343–344, 348, 354	State and local government expenditures, 34
Public infrastructure, 34	Roosevelt, Franklin, 371	State and local tax system. see Taxation
Purchasing power, 92, 117–118	Rules-versus-discretion debate, 291–295	Steel industry, 69
Purchasing power parity theory, 366–368	Run on a bank, 242, 249	Stewart, Jimmy, 249
Pure inflation, 119	Russia, 24, 133, 138, 140, 361, 374	Store of value, 244
Q	Russianoff, Gene, 46	Straphangers Campaign, 46
	S	Strategic argument for protection, 353
Quantity demanded, 57–61		Strategic trade policy, 353
Quantity supplied, 61–64	Safire, William, 354	Structural budget deficit, 305–306
Quantity theory of money, 278–281	Sales tax, 235	Structural budget surplus, 305–307
Quota, 348–353, 359–360	Savings, 158, 163, 183–184, 389	Structural unemployment, 114
R	Savings account, 247	Subprime mortgage crisis (2007), 249,
	Scarcity, 39–52	251, 379
Rational expectations, 328–330	and choice	Subsidies, 349
Ray through the origin, 16	efficiency, 47	Sudan, 148
Rays, 16–17	for entire society, 45–46	Sugar industry, 73–74
Reagan, Ronald	money cost, 41–42, 274	Supply and demand, 55–76. see also
budget deficits, 40	opportunity cost, 40–42	Demand; Demand curve
election of, 25, 93	optimal decision, 42	demand schedule, 58
fiscal policy, 228	principle of increasing costs, 44	demand shifts and supply-demand
Reaganomics, 97	production possibilities frontier, 43–44	equilibrium, 66–67
regulation, 34	real world examples, 46	effect on exchange rates, 363–368
supply-side economics, 229–233	for a single firm, 42–44	equilibrium, 64–70
tax cuts, 307	Scatter diagrams, 158–160	farm price supports, 73–74
Real consumer income, 180–181	Schor, Juliet, 91	gasoline tax analysis, 69–70
Real GDP	Schultze, Charles, 231	international trade, 358–360
and aggregate demand curve, 200, 228	Securities firms, 269	invisible hand. see Invisible hand
definition, 23–25, 88	Self-correcting mechanism, 208–209, 227,	and labor. see Labor
equilibrium, 212–213	291–294, 322, 324–326	law of, 66
and growth, 92	Self-employment, 29	in macroeconomics, 85–87
international trade, 381	September 11 terrorist attacks, 90, 226, 231,	price ceilings, 70–71
Real GDP per capita, 92	292, 324, 376	price floors, 73
Real rate of interest, 120–122, 138–139,	Service economy, 29	quantity demanded, 57–61
162–163	Service industry, 28–29	quantity supplied, 61–64
Real wage rate, 117–118	Shaw, George Bernard, 95, 277	rent controls, 72–73
Real wages, 146	Shift in demand curve, 58–60, 66–67	supply schedule, 61–62
Real-world inflation, 119	Shortage, 65	supply shifts and supply-demand
Rebates, tax, 154, 163–164	Siemens, 148	equilibrium, 67–70
Recession	Sierra Leone, 138	Supply and demand, laws of, 5
of 1973–1980, 96–97	Singapore, 136, 140	Supply curve, 61–64
of 2001, 313	Slope, definition and measurement, 14–16	Supply schedule, 61–62
and budget deficits, 314	Slope of a curved line, 15–16	Supply shock, 211–212, 216, 321–322
definition, 24–25, 87, 149	Slope of a straight line, 14	Supply-demand analysis, 69–70
Federal Reserve System, 290	Slow down (1973–1995), 143–144	Supply-demand diagrams, 64–66
international trade, 380	Slow down (2006–2007), 84	Supply-demand equilibrium, 64–70
Keynesian model, 330–331	Smith, Adam, 48–49, 50, 56, 342, 348	Supply-side economics, 229–233
national debt, 312	Social Security System, 34, 157, 307	Supply-side fluctuations, 214–215
transmission of across borders, 190	Socialism, 35	Supply-side inflation, 214–215, 318–319,
unemployment, 87, 96, 176	Solow, Robert M., 3	321–322
Recessionary gap	Soto, Hernando de, 140	Supply-side tax cuts, 229–233
adjustment to, 207–209	South Korea, 136, 148, 341, 390	Surplus, 65, 73
definition, 182–184, 199, 205–207	Southeast Asia, 361, 373, 374	Swaziland, 140
fiscal policy, 227	Soviet Union, 35, 48, 70, 141	Sweden, 26, 35, 140, 363
and prices, 207–208	Spain, 341	Switzerland, 35, 363
September 11 terrorist attacks, 324	Specialization, 48, 50, 341, 344, 347–348	T
Regulation, 33–34, 242, 250–251	Speculators, currency, 373
Reich, Robert, 32	Spending, 30–31, 155–160, 163–165, 226,	Taiwan, 136, 341
Related goods, prices and availability of,	229, 313	Tangent, 15
60–61	Spending chain, 187	Tanner, Bill, 69

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420 INDEX

Tariff, 348–353, 359–360 Taxation

2008 presidential campaign, 226 and capital formation, 138–140 and consumption schedule,

222–223, 235 corporate income tax, 230 criticism of, 122

cuts, 98–99, 154, 222, 226, 228, 292–293, 300, 305, 307, 313

cuts and consumer spending, 163–164 to encourage savings, 163

fiscal policy, 235–239 fixed taxes, 235–236 gasoline, 69–70

and government size, 228, 292–293 on income, 188, 222–225, 230, 235 and the multiplier, 223–226, 237 negative income tax, 226

net taxes, 157 progressive, 35 proportional, 35 rebates, 154, 163–164 sales and excise tax, 235 sales tax, 235

share of under George W. Bush, 35 vs. spending policy, 227–228 supply-and-demand analysis, 69–70 and supply-side cuts, 229–233 variable, 235–236

in various nations, 35, 300–301 Taylor, John, 293

“Taylor rule,” 293

Technological progress, and shifts in supply curve, 63

Technology

and aggregate supply curve, 202 in Asia, 148

and capital formation, 139, 142 in developing countries, 148 and education, 142

growth policy, 142–143

and production capacity, 108–109 and productivity growth, 135 spurring change, 142–143

Teenagers, 27–28, 113 Tennessee Valley Authority, 23

Terrorism, 98, 307. see also September 11 terrorist attacks

Thailand, 390

Theory, 9–10

Third World. see Developing countries Time, market value of, 42

Time inconsistency, 294 Toyota, 31, 148

Trade, see International trade. see

Intranational trade Trade, as win-win situation, 5–6

Trade adjustment assistance, 351

Trade deficit, 382, 387–390. see also

International trade

Trade protection. see Protectionism Trade war, 348, 350

Transactions, limitation on volume, 75 Transfer payments, 35, 157, 225–226, 332 Transit fares, 46

Treasury bills, 265–266 Treaty of Maastricht, 375

“Trickle-down economics.” see Supply-side economics

Tucker, Sophie, 110

Tuition, 134, 146–147 Turkey, 361, 374

Two-variable diagrams, 13–14

U

Ukraine, 138 Unemployment

African Americans, 113

and aggregate demand, 99–100 among teenagers, 113

as automatic stabilizer, 225 combating, 99–100 compensation, 34 computation of, 113–114 as coordination failure, 185 costs of, 111, 325

cyclical, 114, 207

economic goal to keep low, 111–116 and efficiency, 47

fighting with fiscal and monetary policy, 99–100, 324

fiscal policy, 99–100, 324 frictional, 114

full employment, 115, 182–183, 229 during Great Depression, 25–26,

112–113

and growth policy, 106 human costs of, 112–113 and inflation, 6, 199, 324 inflation trade-off, 317–333 and the market, 176

and minimum wage, 115 monetary policy, 324 natural rate of, 323, 331–332 and recession, 87, 96, 176

and recessionary gap, 207–209 structural, 114

types of, 114

in various nations, 26, 113

Unemployment insurance, 113, 115–116, 157

Unemployment rate, 25–26, 111 Unenforceability, 75 Unexpected inflation, 120–121

Unit of account, 244

United Auto Workers (UAW), 201 United Kingdom

currency, 363

educational attainment in, 148 GDP of, 22

inflation targeting, 293 investor protection, 140 labor costs, 341 openness of economy, 24 Phillips curve, 319–320 productivity, 106–107 taxes in, 35 unemployment rates, 26 wages, 341

United States. see also specific topics

Canada, trade with, 345 China, trade with, 346

Japan, trade with, 165–166, 343–345, 346–347, 388

Mexico, trade with, 346 openness of economy, 24 share of GDP, 22

taxes in. see Taxation trade deficit, 388

unemployment rates, 25–26, 111 Unpredictable inflation, 123

Uruguay Round (tariff reductions), 348 U.S. dollar, 362, 374–375, 376, 380, 391 U.S. economy, 21–36

aggregate supply-demand model, 87, 212–216, 229–230

bank failures, 243 budget deficits, 40, 46

closed economy, 23–24, 384–385 federal budget, 46, 307

fluctuations. see Fluctuations, economic government intervention, 289–291 growth of. see Growth

inflationary gap, 210–211 inputs, see Inputs overview, 22–25

private-enterprise economy, 23 stagflation, 96, 199, 200, 210–211, 216

U.S. Steel Corp., 69 Utility analysis, 35–36, 125

V

Valley Forge, 57

Value added, 171–172 Variable taxes, 235–236 Variables, 13–14 Velocity, 278–283

Vertical long-run Phillips curve, 323, 327–328

Vietnam War, 96 Volatility, 60 Volcker, Paul, 97, 287

Voluntary exchange, 342

W

Wage premium, for college graduates, 141 Wages, 29–30

in Europe, 30

inflationary expectations, 326–328 minimum, 115

nominal, 118, 201–202, 207–208 rate of change, 319

real wage rate, 117–118 real wages, 146

in various nations, 340–341 Wal-Mart, 28

Washington, George, 57

Wealth, 120, 162, 180–181

Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 48 Wilde, Oscar, 361

Women, 27

Workers, 114

Workforce, American, 27–30, 136, 144 Workweek, length of, 91

World Bank, 133, 140, 147

World Trade Organization (WTO), 349, 350

World War II, 25–26, 95–96, 108, 312 WTO (World Trade Organization),

349, 350

X

X-intercept, 16

Y

Y-intercept, 16

Z

Zambia, 71

Zero slope, 14

Zimbabwe, 124

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LICENSED TO:

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D WITH ECONOMICS

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Problem: Scarcity and Choice itial Look

Y: AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND DEMAND onomics

ic Policy and Policy

e Powerful Consumer nemployment or Inflation?

: Unemployment and Inflation?

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ion and Unemployment

N THE WORLD ECONOMY mparative Advantage System: Order or Disorder? acroeconomy

d the Final Exam . . .

ost?

s of Supply and Demand – The Market Strikes Back Comparative Advantage

n

mit Economic Fluctuations – But Don’t Always Succeed ween Inflation and Unemployment

	(12)	(13)	(14)	(15)	(16)	(17)	(18)
	Price Level		Real				Money
	Chained	Consumer	Average			Civilian	M1
	GDP	Price	Hourly		Labor	Unemployment	(in Dec
	Price Index	Index	Earnings	Population	Forceb	Rate	(billio
	(2000 = 100) (1982-1984 = 100)		(1982 dollars)	(millions)		(percent)	doll
	11.9	17.1	——	121.9	49.2	3.2	——
	8.9	13.0	——	125.7	51.6	24.9	——
	9.7	13.9	——	131.0	55.2	17.2	——
	12.5	18.0	——	139.9	53.9	1.9	——
	16.5	24.1	——	151.7	62.2	5.3	——
	18.7	26.8	——	165.3	65.0	4.4	——
	21.0	29.6	——	180.7	69.6	5.5	140.7
	22.5	31.5	8.04	194.3	74.5	4.5	167.8
	27.5	38.8	8.46	205.1	82.8	4.9	214.4
	28.9	40.5	8.64	207.7	84.4	5.9	228.3
	30.2	41.8	8.99	209.9	87.0	5.6	249.2
	31.9	44.4	8.98	211.9	89.4	4.9	262.9
	34.7	49.3	8.65	213.9	91.9	5.6	274.2
	38.0	53.8	8.48	216.0	93.8	8.5	287.1
	40.2	56.9	8.58	218.0	96.2	7.7	306.2
	42.8	60.6	8.66	220.2	99.0	7.1	330.9
	45.8	65.2	8.69	222.6	102.3	6.1	357.3
	49.6	72.6	8.41	225.1	105.0	5.8	381.8
	54.1	82.4	8.00	227.7	106.9	7.1	408.5
	59.1	90.9	7.89	230.0	108.7	7.6	436.7
	62.7	96.5	7.87	232.2	110.2	9.7	474.8
	65.2	99.6	7.96	234.3	111.6	9.6	521.4
	67.7	103.9	7.96	236.4	113.5	7.5	551.6
	69.7	107.6	7.92	238.5	115.5	7.2	619.8
	71.3	109.6	7.97	240.7	117.8	7.0	724.6
	73.2	113.6	7.87	242.8	119.9	6.2	750.2
	75.7	118.3	7.82	245.0	121.7	5.5	786.7
	78.6	124.0	7.75	247.3	123.9	5.3	792.8
	81.6	130.7	7.66	250.1	125.8	5.6	824.7
	84.5	136.2	7.59	253.5	126.3	6.8	897.0
	86.4	140.3	7.55	256.9	128.1	7.5	1024.9
	88.4	144.5	7.54	260.3	129.2	6.9	1129.6
	90.3	148.2	7.54	263.4	131.1	6.1	1150.7
	92.1	152.4	7.54	266.6	132.3	5.6	1127.4
	93.9	156.9	7.57	269.7	133.9	5.4	1081.3
	95.4	160.5	7.69	272.9	136.3	4.9	1072.5
	96.5	163.0	7.89	276.2	137.7	4.5	1095.5
	97.9	166.6	8.01	279.3	139.4	4.2	1122.5
	100.0	172.2	8.04	282.4	142.6	4.0	1087.4
	102.4	177.1	8.12	285.3	143.7	4.7	1181.9
	104.2	179.9	8.25	288.2	144.9	5.8	1219.7
	106.4	184.0	8.28	291.0	146.5	6.0	1306.1
	109.5	188.9	8.24	293.9	147.4	5.5	1376.3
	113.0	195.3	8.18	295.5	149.3	5.1	1374.5
	116.6	201.6	8.24	298.2	151.4	4.6	1366.5
	119.7	207.3	8.32	300.9	153.1	4.6	1366.3