- •Acknowledgements
- •Table of Contents
- •Introduction
- •Validity Continued
- •Still More on Validity
- •Deduction Extended
- •Deduction Further Extended
- •Economics vs. Mathematics
- •Action
- •More About Action
- •Preference and Utility
- •Utility and Welfare
- •The Highest Valued Goal
- •The Tautology Objection
- •The Tautology Objection Answered
- •The Tautology Objection Considered Further
- •Marginal Utility
- •The Indifference Objection
- •More on Indifference
- •Demonstrated Preference Once More
- •The Basis of Marginal Utility
- •An Objection Answered
- •The Relevant Unit
- •Extension of Marginal Utility
- •Two Kinds of Exchange
- •Mutual Benefit from Trade
- •Law of Demand
- •Why There is no Contradiction
- •Demand and Supply Curves Revisited
- •Extra-Credit Section
- •Another Economics?
- •The Marxist ABCs
- •Why Marx is Not a Subjectivist
- •More Marxist Mistakes
- •Another Fallacy
- •A Final Anomaly
- •What Good is Economics?
- •A Basic Rule of Economics
- •Marginal Buyers and Sellers
- •Enter the Villain
- •Yet Another Complication
- •And Another Complication
- •The Ethical Point
- •Ethics Continued
- •Even More Ethics
- •Much Ado About Very Little?
- •Why We Are Not Home Free
- •Have We Painted Ourselves into a Corner?
- •Ludwig von Mises to the Rescue
- •A Digression on Equality
- •More on Equality
- •A Poorly-Chosen Example
- •Back to Economics
- •The Mystery Unveiled
- •Exceptions
- •An Exception
- •The Minimum Wage Rule
- •Ethics
- •Mises to the Rescue Again
- •A Commonly Missed Point
- •Labor Unions
- •The Origin of Money
- •More on Exchange
- •Indirect Exchange
- •Indirect Exchange Continued
- •Limits of Indirect Exchange
- •The Problem of Indirect Exchange Compounded
- •Toward a Solution
- •Is Our Solution a Pseudo-Solution?
- •How a Medium of Exchange Arises
- •Convergence
- •Praxeology and Convergence
- •Money and Banking
- •Convergence Once More
- •Properties of a Medium of Exchange
- •Money as a Store of Value
- •The Money Regression Theorem
- •Mises on Money Regression
- •At Last We Get to Mises
- •Has Mises Solved His Problem?
- •An Unusual Choice
- •The Usual Choice
- •The Market Solution
- •Other Goods
- •The Sap Gets Wise
- •Enter the State
- •Digression on Ethics
- •Surpluses and Shortages
- •A Single Metal Standard
- •Conclusion
- •Glossary
- •About the Author
Chapter 8: Money, Part 1 145
1. |
Evaluate this objection: “What has just been said may be |
? |
|
true, but it is not praxeology. According to praxeology, our |
|
|
conclusions have to follow necessarily from the action |
|
|
axiom, the subsidiary postulates, or conclusions drawn |
|
|
from any of these. This has not been accomplished here.” |
Review the chapter on praxeology to help you prepare your answer.
PRAXEOLOGY AND CONVERGENCE
Contrary to the objection just suggested, the reasoning of our previous section conforms to praxeological law. (A good thing that it does, too, or I would be out of business.) Remember, we are concerned here only with a good’s exchange value—its use, as a good believed in general demand, to obtain whatever other goods I want.
Given this fact, even small differences in expected exchange value count for a great deal. I shall always tend to choose, other things being equal, the good I think likely to have the highest chance of general acceptance by others. Otherwise, I shall not be choosing my highest valued alternative. And we have already shown that Ialways do choose my highest valued alternative. You will probably find it helpful now to review the discussion of alternatives and choices. (Teachers, please make sure your students act on this suggestion.)
EXTRA-CREDIT SECTION:
FURTHER PROBLEMS FOR PRAXEOLOGY
We are not yet out of the woods, as far as praxeology is concerned. How does it follow from the fact that in the indicated circumstances,
146 An Introduction to Economic Reasoning
I shall always choose the good I expect to have the highest exchange value, that I shall choose the good that has had in the past the highest exchange value? And how do we know that goods must have differing exchange values? These are difficult questions, and in part too advanced for this book.
?1. Solve the problems just discussed. Then mail the answers to me.
MONEY AND BANKING
Long before now, you have probably thought this is a strange chapter. It is supposed to be about money and banking; but so far, it seems, we have said nothing about these subjects. As you will see in the following chapter, however, we have taken the essential steps toward understanding this difficult topic.