CRC

MATERIALS SCIENCE

AND

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

THIRD EDITION

©2001 CRC Press LLC

CRC

MATERIALS SCIENCE

AND

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

THIRD EDITION

James F. Shackelford

Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Division of Materials Science and Engineering and

Associate Dean of the College of Engineering University of California, Davis

William Alexander

Research Engineer

Division of Materials Science and Engineering

University of California, Davis

CRC Press

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

CRC materials science and engineering handbook / [edited by] James F. Shackelford, William Alexander.—3rd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-2696-6 (alk. paper)

1. Materials—Handooks, manuals, etc. I. Shackelford, James F. II. Alexander,

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.

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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2696-6

Library of Congress Card Number 00-048567

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Printed on acid-free paper

©2001 CRC Press LLC

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 Structure of Materials

Electronic Structure of Selected Elements

Available Stable Isotopes of the Elements

Periodic Table of the Elements

Periodic Table of Elements in Metallic Materials

Periodic Table of Elements in Ceramic Materials

Periodic Table of Elements in Polymeric Materials

Periodic Table of Elements in Semiconducting Materials

Periodic Table of Elements in Superconducting Metals

Atomic and Ionic Radii of the Elements

Bond Length Values Between Elements

Periodic Table of Carbon Bond Lengths (Å)

Carbon Bond Lengths

Carbon Bond Lengths in Polymers

Bond Angle Values Between Elements

Key to Tables of Crystal Structure of the Elements

The Seven Crystal Systems

The Fourteen Bravais Lattices

Periodic Table of the Body Centered Cubic Elements

Periodic Table of the Face Centered Cubic Elements

Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Close Packed Elements

Periodic Table of the Hexagonal Elements

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Structure of Ceramics

Atomic Mass of Selected Elements

Solid Density of Selected Elements

Density of Iron and Iron Alloys

Density of Wrought Stainless Steels

Density of Stainless Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys

Density of Aluminum Alloys

Density of Copper and Copper Alloys

Density of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys

Density of Nickel and Nickel Alloys

Density of Lead and Lead Alloys

Density of Tin and Tin Alloys

Density of Wrought Titanium Alloys

Density of Titanium and Titanium alloys

Density of Zinc and Zinc Alloys

Density of Permanent Magnet Materials

Density of Precious Metals

Density of Superalloys

Density of Selected Ceramics

Density of Glasses

Specific Gravity of Polymers

Density of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites

Density of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals

Density of Si3N4 Composites

CHAPTER 2 Composition of Materials

Composition Limits of Tool Steels

Composition Limits of Gray Cast Irons

Composition Limits of Ductile Irons

Composition Ranges for Malleable Irons

Composition Ranges for Carbon Steels

Composition Ranges for Resulfurized Carbon Steels

Composition Ranges for Alloy Steels

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Composition of Stainless Steels

Composition of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys

Classification of Copper and Copper Alloys

Composition Ranges for Cast Aluminum Alloys

Composition Ranges for Wrought Aluminum Alloys

Composition of Tin and Tin Alloys

Compositions of ACI Heat-Resistant Casting Alloys

Composition of Zinc Die Casting Alloys

Compositions of Wrought Superalloys

Typical Composition of Glass-Ceramics

CHAPTER 3 Phase Diagram Sources

Phase Diagram Sources

CHAPTER 4 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Data

Bond Strengths in Diatomic Molecules

Bond Strengths of Polyatomic Molecules

Solubility of Copper and Copper Alloys

Heat of Formation of Inorganic Oxides

Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties for The Elements

Phase Change Thermodynamic Properties of Oxides

Melting Points of the Elements

Melting Points of Elements and Inorganic Compounds

Melting Points Of Ceramics

Heat of Fusion For Elements and Inorganic Compounds

Heats of Sublimation of Metals and Their Oxides

Key to Tables of Thermodynamic Coefficients

Thermodynamic Coefficients for Selected Elements

Thermodynamic Coefficients for Oxides

Entropy of the Elements

Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Very Low Pressures

Vapor Pressure of the Elements at Moderate Pressures

Vapor Pressure of the Elements at High Pressures

Vapor Pressure of Elements and Inorganic Compounds

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Values of The Error Function

Diffusion in Metallic Systems

Diffusion of Metals into Metals

Diffusion in Semiconductors

CHAPTER 5 Thermal Properties of Materials

Specific Heat of the Elements at 25 ˚C

Heat Capacity of Ceramics

Specific Heat of Polymers

Specific Heat of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics

Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 1)

Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 2)

Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 3)

Thermal Conductivity of Metals (Part 4)

Thermal Conductivity of Alloy Cast Irons

Thermal Conductivity of Iron and Iron Alloys

Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum and aluminum alloys

Thermal Conductivity of Copper and Copper Alloys

Thermal Conductivity of Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys

Thermal Conductivity of Nickel and Nickel Alloys

Thermal Conductivity of Lead and Lead Alloys

Thermal Conductivity of Tin, Titanium, Zinc and their Alloys

Thermal Conductivity of Pure Metals

Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics

Thermal Conductivity of Glasses

Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Insulation

Thermal Conductivity of Cryogenic Supports

Thermal Conductivity of Special Concretes

Thermal Conductivity of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics

Thermal Conductivity of Polymers

Thermal Conductivity of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics

Thermal Expansion of Wrought Stainless Steels

Thermal Expansion of Wrought Titanium Alloys

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Thermal Expansion of Graphite Magnesium Castings

Linear Thermal Expansion of Metals and Alloys

Thermal Expansion of Ceramics

Thermal Expansion of SiC-Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics

Thermal Expansion of Glasses

Thermal Expansion of Polymers

Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Materials for Integrated Circuits

Thermal Expansion of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al

ASTM B 601 Temper Designation Codes for Copper and Copper Alloys

Temper Designation System for Aluminum Alloys

Tool Steel Softening After 100 Hours

Thermoplastic Polyester Softening with Temperature

Heat-Deflection Temperature

of Carbonand Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics

CHAPTER 6 Mechanical Properties of Materials

Tensile Strength of Tool Steels

Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Irons

Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars

Tensile Strength of Ductile Irons

Tensile Strength of Malleable Iron Castings

Tensile Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Tensile Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels

Tensile Strength

of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels

Tensile Strength of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels

Tensile Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels

Tensile Strength of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys

Tensile Strength of Aluminum Casting Alloys

Tensile Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys

Tensile Strength of Cobalt-Base Superalloys

Tensile Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Tensile Strength

of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature

Tensile Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Tensile Strength of Refractory Metal Alloys

Tensile Strength of Ceramics

Tensile Strength of Glass

Tensile Strength of Polymers

Tensile Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics

Tensile Strength

of Carbonand Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics

Strength of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals

Tensile Strength of Graphite/Magnesium Castings Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Strength of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Strength of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al

Ultimate Tensile Strength of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al

Ultimate Tensile Strength

of Silicon Carbide–Aluminum Alloy Composites

Tensile Strength of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy

Ultimate Tensile Strength

of Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with SiC Whiskers vs. Temperature

Ultimate Tensile Strength

of Reinforced Aluminum Alloy vs. Temperature

Tensile Strength

of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy

Tensile Strength of Boron/Aluminum Composites

Compressive Strength of Gray Cast Iron Bars

Compressive Strength of Ceramics

Compressive Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic

Ultimate Compressive Strength

of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al

Yield Strength of Tool Steels

Yield Strength of Ductile Irons

Yield Strength of Malleable Iron Castings

Yield Strength of Austenitic Stainless Steels

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Yield Strength of Ferritic Stainless Steels

Yield Strength of Martensitic Stainless Steels

Yield Strength of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Yield Strength of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels

Yield Strength of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Yield Strength of Cast Aluminum Alloys

Yield Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys

Yield Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Yield Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature Yield Strength of Cobalt-Base Superalloys

Yield Strength of Nickel-Base Superalloys

Yield Strength of Commercially Pure Tin

Yield Strength of Polymers

Yield Strength of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Yield Strength of Reinforced Aluminum Alloy vs. Temperature

Yield Strength of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Compressive Yield Strength of Polymers

Flexural Strength of Polymers

Flextural Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics

Shear Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys

Torsion Shear Strength of Gray Cast Fe

Hardness of Gray Cast Irons

Hardness of Gray Cast Iron Bars

Hardness of Malleable Iron Castings

Hardness of Ductile Irons

Hardness of Tool Steels

Hardness of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Hardness of Ferritic Stainless Steels

Hardness of Martensitic Stainless Steels

Hardness of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Machinability Rating of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Hardness of Wrought Aluminum Alloys

Hardness of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Hardness of Ceramics

Microhardness of Glass

Hardness of Polymers

Hardness of Si3N4 and Al2O3 Composites

Coefficient of Static Friction for Polymers

Abrasion Resistance of Polymers

Fatigue Strength of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Reversed Bending Fatigue Limit of Gray Cast Iron Bars Impact Energy of Tool Steels

Impact Strength of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature Impact Strength of Polymers

Impact Strength of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics

Impact Strength of

Carbonand Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics

Fracture Toughness of Si3N4 and Al2O3 Composites

Tensile Modulus of Gray Cast Irons

Tension Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons

Tensile Modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics

Tensile Modulus of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Tensile Modulus of Investment Cast Silicon Carbide SCS–Al Tensile Modulus of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al

Young’s Modulus of Ceramics

Young’s Modulus of Glass

Elastic Modulus of Wrought Stainless Steels

Modulus of Elasticity of Wrought Titanium Alloys

Modulus of Elasticity in Tension for Polymers

Modulus of Elasticity

of 55MSI Graphite/6061 Aluminum Composites Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite/Magnesium Castings Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite/Aluminum Composites Modulus of Elasticity of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals

Modulus of Elasticity of SiC-Whisker–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Modulus of Elasticity

of Polycrystalline–Alumina–Reinforced Aluminum Alloy Modulus of Elasticity of Boron/Aluminum Composites Compression Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons Modulus of Elasticity in Compression for Polymers Bulk Modulus of Glass

Shear Modulus of Glass

Torsional Modulus of Gray Cast Irons

Torsion Modulus of Treated Ductile Irons

Modulus of Elasticity in Flexure for Polymers

Flexural Modulus of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics

Flexural Modulus

of Carbonand Glass-Reinforced Engineering Thermoplastics Modulus of Rupture for Ceramics

Rupture Strength of Refractory Metal Alloys

Rupture Strength of Superalloys

Modulus of Rupture for Si3N4 and Al2O3Composites Poisson's Ratio of Wrought Titanium Alloys Poisson’s Ratio for Ceramics

Poisson’s Ratio of Glass

Poisson's Ratio of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al Compression Poisson’s Ratio of Treated Ductile Irons Torsion Poisson’s Ratio of Treated Ductile Irons Elongation of Tool Steels

Elongation of Ductile Irons

Elongation of Malleable Iron Castings

Elongation of Ferritic Stainless Steels

Elongation of Martensitic Stainless Steels

Elongation of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels Elongation of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels

Total Elongation of Cast Aluminum Alloys Elongation of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys Elongation of Commercially Pure Tin

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Elongation of Cobalt-Base Superalloys

Elongation of Nickel-Base Superalloys

Ductility of Refractory Metal Alloys

Elongation of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature

Elongation of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature

Total Elongation of Polymers

Elongation at Yield for Polymers

Ultimate Tensile Elongation of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics

Total Strain of Silicon Carbide SCS–2–Al

Area Reduction of Tool Steels

Reduction in Area of Austenitic Stainless Steels

Reduction in Area of Ferritic Stainless Steels

Reduction in Area of High–Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels

Reduction in Area

of Precipitation-Hardening Austenitic Stainless Steels

Reduction in Area of Martensitic Stainless Steels

Reduction in Area of Commercially Pure Tin

Area Reduction of Wrought Titanium Alloys at Room Temperature

Area Reduction of Wrought Titanium Alloys at High Temperature

Strength Density Ratio of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals

Modulus Density Ratio of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Metals

Viscosity of Glasses

Internal Friction of SiO2 Glass

Surface Tension of Elements at Melting

Surface Tension of Liquid Elements

CHAPTER 7 Electrical Properties of Materials

Electrical Conductivity of Metals

Electrical Resistivity of Metals

Electrical Resistivity of Alloy Cast Irons

Resistivity of Ceramics

Volume Resistivity of Glass

Volume Resistivity of Polymers

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Critical Temperature of Superconductive Elements

Dissipation Factor for Polymers

Dielectric Strength of Polymers

Step Dielectric Strength of Polymers

Dielectric Constant of Polymers

Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers

Dielectric Breakdown of Polymers

Tangent Loss in Glass

Electrical Permittivity of Glass

Arc Resistance of Polymers

CHAPTER 8 Optical Properties of Materials

Transmission Range of Optical Materials

Transparency of Polymers

Refractive Index of Polymers

Dispersion of Optical Materials

CHAPTER 9 Chemical Properties of Materials

Water Absorption of Polymers

Standard Electromotive Force Potentials

Galvanic Series of Metals

Galvanic Series of Metals in Sea Water

Corrosion Rate of Metals in Acidic Solutions

Corrosion Rate of Metals in Neutral and Alkaline Solutions

Corrosion Rate of Metals in Air

Corrosion Rates of 1020 Steel at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of Grey Cast Iron at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of Ni–Resist Cast Iron at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of 12% Cr Steel at 70˚

Corrosion Rates of 17% Cr Steel at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of 14% Si Iron at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 301 at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of Stainless Steel 316 at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of Aluminum at 70˚F

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Corrosion Resistance of Wrought Coppers and Copper Alloys

Corrosion Rates of 70-30 Brass at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of Copper, Sn-Braze, Al-Braze at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of Silicon Bronze at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of Hastelloy at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of Inconel at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of Nickel at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of Monel at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of Lead at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of Titanium at 70˚F

Corrosion Rates of ACI Heat–Resistant Castings Alloys in Air

Corrosion Rates for ACI Heat–Resistant Castings Alloys in Flue Gas

Flammability of Polymers

Flammability of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics

CHAPTER 10 Selecting Structural Properties

Selecting Atomic Radii of the Elements

Selecting Ionic Radii of the Elements

Selecting Bond Lengths Between Elements

Selecting Bond Angles Between Elements

Selecting Density of the Elements

CHAPTER 11 Selecting Thermodynamic

and Kinetic Properties

Selecting Bond Strengths in Diatomic Molecules

Selecting Bond Strengths of Polyatomic Molecules

Selecting Heat of Formation of Inorganic Oxides

Selecting Specific Heat of Elements

Selecting Specific Heat of Polymers

Selecting Melting Points of The Elements

Selecting Melting Points of Elements and Inorganic Compounds

Selecting Melting Points of Ceramics

Selecting Heat of Fusion For Elements and Inorganic Compounds

Selecting Entropy of the Elements

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Diffusion Activation Energy in Metallic Systems

CHAPTER 12 Selecting Thermal Properties

Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Metals

Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Metals at Temperature

Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Alloy Cast Irons

Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics

Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics at Temperature

Selecting Thermal Conductivity of Polymers

Selecting Thermal Expansion of Tool Steels

Selecting Thermal Expansion of Tool Steels at Temperature

Selecting Thermal Expansion of Alloy Cast Irons

Selecting Thermal Expansion of Ceramics

Selecting Thermal Expansion of Glasses

Selecting Thermal Expansion of Polymers

Selecting Thermal Expansion Coefficients for Materials used in Integrated Circuits

Selecting Thermal Expansion Coefficients

for Materials used in Integrated Circuits at Temperature

CHAPTER 13 Selecting Mechanical Properties

Selecting Tensile Strength of Tool Steels

Selecting Tensile Strength of Gray Cast Irons

Selecting Tensile Strength of Ductile Irons

Selecting Tensile Strengths of Malleable Iron Castings

Selecting Tensile Strengths of Aluminum Casting Alloys

Selecting Tensile Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys

Selecting Tensile Strengths of Ceramics

Selecting Tensile Strengths of Glass

Selecting Tensile Strengths of Polymers

Selecting Compressive Strengths of Gray Cast Iron Bars

Selecting Compressive Strengths of Ceramics

Selecting Compressive Strengths of Polymers

Selecting Yield Strengths of Tool Steels

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Yield Strengths of Ductile Irons

Selecting Yield Strengths of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Yield Strengths of Cast Aluminum Alloys Selecting Yield Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Yield Strengths of Polymers

Selecting Compressive Yield Strengths of Polymers Selecting Flexural Strengths of Polymers

Selecting Shear Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Torsional Shear Strengths of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Hardness of Tool Steels

Selecting Hardness of Gray Cast Irons

Selecting Hardness of Gray Cast Iron Bars

Selecting Hardness of Ductile Irons

Selecting Hardness of Malleable Iron Castings Selecting Hardness of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Hardness of Ceramics

Selecting Microhardness of Glass

Selecting Hardness of Polymers

Selecting Coefficients of Static Friction for Polymers Selecting Abrasion Resistance of Polymers

Selecting Fatigue Strengths of Wrought Aluminum Alloys Selecting Reversed Bending Fatigue Limits of Gray Cast Iron Bars Selecting Impact Energy of Tool Steels

Selecting Impact Strengths of Polymers

Selecting Tensile Moduli of Gray Cast Irons

Selecting Tensile Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons

Selecting Young’s Moduli of Ceramics

Selecting Young’s Moduli of Glass

Selecting Moduli of Elasticity in Tension for Polymers Selecting Compression Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons Selecting Modulus of Elasticity in Compression for Polymers Selecting Bulk Moduli of Glass

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Moduli of Elasticity in Flexure of Polymers

Selecting Shear Moduli of Glass

Selecting Torsional Moduli of Gray Cast Irons

Selecting Torsional Moduli of Treated Ductile Irons

Selecting Moduli of Rupture for Ceramics

Selecting Poisson’s Ratios for Ceramics

Selecting Poisson’s Ratios of Glass

Selecting Compression Poisson’s Ratios of Treated Ductile Irons

Selecting Torsion Poisson’s Ratios of Treated Ductile Irons

Selecting Elongation of Tool Steels

Selecting Elongation of Ductile Irons

Selecting Elongation of Malleable Iron Castings

Selecting Total Elongation of Cast Aluminum Alloys

Selecting Total Elongation of Polymers

Selecting Elongation at Yield of Polymers

Selecting Area Reduction of Tool Steels

CHAPTER 14 Selecting Electrical Properties

Selecting Electrical Resistivity of Alloy Cast Irons

Selecting Resistivity of Ceramics

Selecting Volume Resistivity of Glass

Selecting Volume Resistivity of Polymers

Selecting Critical Temperature of Superconductive Elements

Selecting Dissipation Factor for Polymers at 60 Hz

Selecting Dissipation Factor for Polymers at 1 MHz

Selecting Dielectric Strength of Polymers

Selecting Dielectric Constants of Polymers at 60 Hz

Selecting Dielectric Constants of Polymers at 1 MHz

Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass

Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass by Temperature

Selecting Tangent Loss in Glass by Frequency

Selecting Electrical Permittivity of Glass

Selecting Electrical Permittivity of Glass by Frequency

©2001 CRC Press LLC

Selecting Arc Resistance of Polymers

CHAPTER 15 Selecting Optical Properties

Selecting Transmission Range of Optical Materials

Selecting Transparency of Polymers

Selecting Refractive Indices of Glasses

Selecting Refractive Indices of Polymers

CHAPTER 16 Selecting Chemical Properties

Selecting Water Absorption of Polymers

Selecting Iron Alloys in 10% Corrosive Medium

Selecting Iron Alloys in 100% Corrosive Medium

Selecting Nonferrous Metals for use in a 10% Corrosive Medium

Selecting Nonferrous Metals for use in a 100% Corrosive Medium

Selecting Corrosion Rates of Metals

Selecting Corrosion Rates of Metals in Corrosive Environments

Selecting Flammability of Polymers

©2001 CRC Press LLC

To

Penelope and Scott

Li-Li and Cassie

©2001 CRC Press LLC