Сигнализация в сетях связи (методичка)
.pdfHDK
KhklZ\ ebg_cguo kb]gZeh\ ijb h^ghqZklhlghc kbkl_f_ kb]gZebaZpbb gZ f_`^m]hjh^ghc k_lb ijb\_^_g \ lZ[e ijb kb]gZebaZpbb ih ^\mf <KD <B BDF ljZdlZ \ lZ[e
KhklZ\ kb]gZeh\ mijZ\e_gby i_j_^Z\Z_fuo gZ f_`^m]hjh^ghc k_lb ijb\_^_gu \ lZ[ebp_
Kb]gZeu mijZ\e_gby i_j_^Zxlky fgh]hqZklhlguf kihkh[hf MFC ih f_lh^m bfimevkguc iZd_l k bkihevah\Zgb_f
qZklhl b =p
LZ[ebpZ
Kb]gZevguc dh^ i_j_^Zqb ebg_cguo kb]gZeh\ ih f_`^m]hjh^ghc k_lb ijb kb]gZebaZpbb gZ qZklhl_ =p
|
Kb]gZeu |
|
Dhgkljmdpby |
>ebl_evghklv |
<j_fy jZkihagZ |
Ijbf_qZgb_ |
|
|
|
kb]gZeh\ |
fk |
\Zgby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< IJYFHF G:IJ:<E?GBB |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AZgylb_ |
|
H^bg |
|
|
|
|
Ih\lhj |
|
K_jby |
Bfi |
|
fk |
|
guc |
|
bfimevkh\ |
IZmaZ |
|
\j_fy |
|
|
|
||||
|
\uah\ |
|
|
|
|
jZki hagZ\Zgby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
gZebqby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ke_^mxs_]h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
bfimevkZ \ k_jbb |
|
JZat_^b |
|
G_ij_ju\gu |
FbgbfZevgZy |
|
bfimevkh\ |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
g_gb_ |
|
kb]gZe ^h |
^ebl_evghklv |
|
|
|
|
|
hk\h[h`^_gb |
|
|
|
|
< H;J:LGHF G:IJ:<E?GBB |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z[hg_gl |
|
H^bg |
G_ f_g__ |
|
HdhgqZgb_ |
|
k\h[h |
|
beb g_ij_ju |
|
|
kb]gZeZ Z[hg_gl |
|
^_g b |
|
\guc kb]gZe |
|
|
k\h[h^_g |
|
hl\_l |
|
^h hl\_lZ |
|
|
khhl\_lkl\m_l |
|
Hl[hc |
|
K_jby |
Bfi |
|
kb]gZem hl\_l |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
bfimevkh\ |
IZmaZ |
|
|
|
Ih\lhj |
|
Ij_djZs_gb_ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
guc |
|
k_jbb |
|
|
|
|
hl\_l |
|
bfimevkh\ |
|
|
|
|
AZgylh |
|
>\Z bfimevkZ |
Bfi |
|
Kb]gZe aZgylh |
|
|
|
|
IZmaZ |
|
h^ghc dhgkljmd |
|
|
|
|
|
|
pbb ^ey \k_o |
|
|
|
|
|
|
\b^h\ aZgylhklb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amf_j aZgylh \ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
kemqZ_ aZgylhklb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ijhfiml_c dZgZ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
eh\ b ebgbc ba |
|
|
|
|
|
|
k\h_c klZgpbb |
|
Hk\h[h |
|
G_ij_ju\guc |
|
|
JZkihagZ_lky |
|
`^_gb_ |
|
kb]gZe ^h |
|
|
ihke_ aZ^_j`db |
|
|
|
hdhgqZgby |
|
|
kb]gZeZ jZat_^b ² |
|
|
|
kb]gZeZ |
|
|
g_gby \ l_q_gb_ |
|
|
|
jZat_^bg_ |
|
|
fk |
|
|
|
gb_ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
;ehdb ² |
IhklhyggZy |
|
|
I_j_^ZqZ ijhba |
jh\dZ |
i_j_^ZqZ |
|
|
\h^blky kh kgb |
|
qZklhlu ^h |
|
|
`_gb_f mjh\gy gZ |
|
dhgpZ |
|
|
A^; |
|
[ehdbjh\db |
|
|
|
LZ[ebpZ
Kb]gZev mijZ\e_gby gZ f_`^m]hjh^ghc k_lb
Kb]gZeu |
:FL |
M:D |
:FLK |
M:D |
:FL |
M:D |
fpd |
|
|
K |
- |
|
|
K |
|
|
|
mijZ\e_gby |
dw w |
:F |
DW W |
:FLK |
dw w |
fpd |
:FLK |
|
|
|
LK |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:FL |
DW |
:FLK |
:JF |
fpd |
|
DW W |
|
|
K |
W |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DW W |
|
:JF |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fpd |
|
|
:FL |
|
:JF |
|
|
|
M:D |
|
|
K |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DW W |
|
:FLK |
|
|
|
|
|
|
M:D |
|
DW W |
|
|
|
'** |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
:JF |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M:D |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
[ |
7 |
8 |
|
: IJYFH? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G:IJ:<E?G |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D\KwF\Dg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DZl_]hjby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\uah\Z h^bg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
agZd D\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z Z\lhfZlbq_k |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
dbc \uah\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
,dZl_]hjbb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V ihemZ\lhfZ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
lbq_kdbc \uah\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
,dZl_]hjbb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
k Z\lhfZlbq_k |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dbc \uah\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dZl_]hjbb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dhf[bgZpby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
d) ihemZ\lhfZ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
lbq_kdbc \uah\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
,,dZl_]hjbb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
_ Z\lhfZlbq_k |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
dbc \uah\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
,,,dZl_]hjbb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
f) ihemZ\lhfZ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
lbq_kdbc \uah\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
,,,dZl_]hjbb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
^ Z\lhfZlbq_k |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
dbc \uah\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
,9dZl_]hjbb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
h) ihemZ\lhfZ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
lbq_kdbc \uah\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
IVdZl_]hjbb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kb]gZeu |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\dexq_gby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
woh² |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
aZ]jZ^bl_ey WA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
h^bg agZd Kw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z i_j_^ZqZ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
|
^Zgguo WA g_ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\dexqZ_lky |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
b) l_e_nhggh_ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
|
khh[s_gb_ WA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\dexqblv gZ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
bkoh^ys_f b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\oh^ys_f |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhgpZo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby [ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
k l_e_nhggh_ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
|
khh[s_gb_ WA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\dexqblv gZ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\oh^ys_f dhgp |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
d) l_e_nhggh_ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
|
khh[s_gb_ WA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
g_ \dexqZlv |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
_ l_e_nhggh_ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
khh[s_gb_ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
kimlgbdh\Zy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
k\yav \dexq_gZ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ghf_j |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
\uau\Z_fh]h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z[hg_glZ fZdk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
agZdh\ NB |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z f_`^m]hjh^ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
•)+ |
•)+ |
+ |
guc ghf_j |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z[hg_glZ < |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
agZdh\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
b) |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
f_`^mgZjh^² |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
guc ghf_j |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fZdk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
agZdh\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
k f_`^m]hjh^ |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
guc dh^ FG |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:LK b f_`^m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
gZjh^guc ghf_ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
fZdk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
agZdh\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dhg_p gZ[hj |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
h^bg agZd Dg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kb]gZe hdhg² |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
qZgb_ gZ[hjZ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
; H;J:LGH? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G:IJ:<E?GB |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
>h i_j_^Zqb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
bgnhjfZpbb b |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ijyfhf |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
gZijZ\e_gbb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
h^bg agZd |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AZijhk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
gnhjfZpbb ba |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ij_^u^ms_c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
klZr bb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
Ihke_ ijb_f |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
bgnhjfZpbb ba |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ij_^u^ms_c |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
klZgpbb agZd |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z ghf_j ijbgy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ijZ\bevgh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
[ ghf_j ijbgy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
g_ijZ\bevgh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dhf[bgZpby |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
Ijbf_qZgb_ d lZ[ebp_
< kemqZ_²\ lZ[ebp_ hlghkbl_evgh dZl_]hjbb \uah\Z \ ihabpbyo Z V k d) i ^ey i_j_^Zqb b ijb_fZ ^he`gu bkihevah\Zlvky dZl_]hjbb _ b f).
< kemqZ_²\ lZ[ebp_ hlghkbl_evgh kb]gZeh\ wohaZ]jZ^blkey kb]gZe WA g_ i_j_^Z_lky b g_ ijbgbfZ_lky
‡H[_ki_qb\Z_lky lhevdh k\yav k Z[hg_glhf kem`_[ghc :LK FPD
Kb]gZebaZpby ih aZdZagh kh_^bgbl_evguf ebgbyf
>ey i_j_^Zqb ebg_cguo b mijZ\eyxsbo kb]gZeh\ ih aZdZagh²kh_^bgbl_evguf ebgbyf bkihevamxlky ke_^mxsb_ kbkl_fu kb]gZebaZpbb
h^ghqZklhlgZy (IF): ih BDF ljZdlm ih <KD HDK
KhklZ\ ebg_cguo kb]gZeh\ i_j_^Z\Z_fuo ih AKE ijb kb]gZebaZpbb IF b [ZlZj_cghf kihkh[_ i_j_^Zqb j_]bkljh\hc bgnhjfZpbb ijb\_^_g \ lZ[e k fgh]hqZklhlguf kihkh[hf i_j_^Zqb j_]bkljh\hc bgnhjfZpbb \ lZ[e
KhklZ\ kb]gZeh\ mijZ\e_gby i_j_^Z\Z_fuo ih AKE \gmljbahgh\hc k_lb ijb\_^_gu \ lZ[e
LZ[ebpZ
H^ghqZklhlguc kb]gZevguc dh^ ebg_cguo kb]gZeh\ i_j_^Z\Z_fuo ih AKE \gmljbahgh\hc k_lb ijb kb]gZebaZpbb gZ qZklhl_ =p
Kb]gZe |
|
Dhgkljmdpby |
>^bl_e |
vghklv |
<j |
_fy |
|
|
kb]gZeZ |
i_j_" |
?Zqb |
jZkiha |
gZ\Zgby |
|
|
|
kb]gZe |
fk |
|
|
|
|
|
g_ |
g_ |
g_ |
g_ |
|
|
|
f_g__ |
[he__ |
f_g__ |
[he__ |
1 |
|
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
IJYFH? G:IJ:<E?GBE |
|
|
|
|
||
AZgylb_ |
|
H^bg bfimevk |
|
|
|
|
|
195 |
205 |
100 |
150 |
||
GZ[hj |
|
K_jby bfimevkh\ |
|
|
|
|
ghf_jZ |
|
Bfimevk |
40 |
46 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
IZmaZ |
31 |
103 |
|
|
JZat_^b |
|
G_ij_ju\guc |
550 |
— |
280 |
420 |
g_gb_ |
|
kb]gZe ^Z ^hklmi² |
|
|
|
|
|
|
e_gby kb]gZeZ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
hk\h[h`^_gby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H;J:LGH? G:IJ:<E?GB?
|
AZijhk |
H^bg bfimevk |
195 |
|
205 |
100 |
150 |
|
:HG |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kgylb_ |
>\Z bfimevkZ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
aZijhkZ |
Bfimevk |
195 |
|
205 |
100 |
150 |
|
|
IZmaZ |
95 |
|
105 |
20:120* |
30:180* |
|
|
amff_j Hl\_l |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
klZgpbb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
AZgylh |
Amff_j AZgylh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
:[hg_gl |
Amff_j DI< |
|
|
|
|
|
|
\h[h^_g |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hl\_l |
H^bg bfimevk |
195 |
|
205 |
100 |
150 |
|
|
||||||
|
Hl[hc |
K_jby bfimevkh\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bfimevk |
195 |
|
205 |
100 |
150 |
|
|
IZmaZ |
95 |
|
105 |
20:120* |
30:180* |
|
Hk\h[h` |
G_ij_ju\guc |
— |
|
— |
100 |
150 |
|
^_gb_ |
kb]gZe ^h ij_djZ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
s_gby kb]gZeZ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
jZat_^bg_gby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
;ehdb² |
G_ij_ju\guc |
— |
|
— |
100 |
150 |
|
jh\dZ |
kb]gZe |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
²<j_fy jZkihagZ\Zgby gZebqby |
ke_^mxs_]h bfimevkZ \ |
|
||||
|
k_jbb bfimevkh\ |
|
|
|
|
|
Ijbf_qZgb_ d lZ[ebp_
?keb \ l_q_gb_ \u^_j`db \j_f_gb²k ihke_ gZqZeZ i_j_^Zqb kb]gZeZ J:AT?>BG?GB? g_ [m^_l ijbgyl kb]gZe HK<H;H@>?GB? lh i_j_^Zqm g_ij_ju\gh]h kb]gZeZ J:AT?>BG?GB? ke_^m_l ij_djZlblv b i_j_^Z\Zlv kb]gZe J:AT?>BG?GB? bfimevkZfb ^ebl_evghklvx fk k bgl_j\ZeZfb fbg ^h ihemq_gby kb]gZeZ HK<H;H@>?GB?
<j_fy jZkihagZ\Zgby f_`k_jbcgh]h bgl_j\ZeZ g_
[he__ fk LZ[ebpZ
H^ghqZklhlguc kb]gZevguc dhe ebg_cguo kb]gZeh\ i_j_^Z\Z_fuo ih AKE \gmljbahgh\hc k_lb ijb kb]gZebaZpbb gZ qZklhl_ =p k FQD j_]bkljh\hc kb]gZebaZpbb
Kb]gZe |
Dhgkljmdpby kb]gZeZ |
>ebl_evg |
|
<j_fy jZkihagZ\Zgby |
|||||
|
|
|
i_j_^Zqb |
|
|
fk |
|||
|
|
|
kb]gZeZ fk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
g_ |
g_ |
|
g_ |
|
g_ |
|
|
|
|
f_g__ |
[he__ |
|
f_g__ |
|
[he__ |
|
AZgylb_ |
H^bg bfimevk |
195 |
205 |
|
100 |
|
150 |
|
|
JZat_^b |
G_ij_ju\guc kb]gZe |
550 |
— |
|
280 |
|
420 |
|
|
g_gb_ |
^h ihklmie_gby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
kb]gZeZ hk\h[h`^_gby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:[hg_gl |
Amff_j Dhgljhev |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
k\h[h^_g |
ihkuedb \uah\Z DI< |
195 |
205 |
|
100 |
|
150 |
|
|
Hl\_l |
H^bg bfimevk |
|
|
|
|||||
Hl[hc |
K_jby bfimevkh\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bfimevk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
IZmaZ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AZgylh |
Amff_j AZgylh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hk\h[h` |
G_ij_ju\guc kb]gZe |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
^_gb_ |
^h ij_djZs_gby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
kb]gZeZ jZat_^bg_gby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
;ehdb² |
G_ij_ju\guc kb]gZe |
— |
— |
|
100 |
|
150 |
|
|
jh\dZ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
²<j_fy jZkihagZ\Zgby gZebqby ke_^mxs_]h bfimevkZ |
|
|
|
||||||
b k_jbb bfimevkh\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Ijbf_qZgby d lZ[ebp_ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
?keb \ lhq_gbb \u^_j`db \j_f_gb²k ihke_ |
|
|
|
||||||
gZqZeZ i_j_^Zqb kb]gZeZ J:AT?>BG?GB? g_ [m^_l ijbgyl |
|
|
|
||||||
kb]gZe HK<H;H@>?GB? lh i_j_^Zqm g_ij_ju\gh]h kb]gZeZ |
|
|
|
||||||
J:AT?>BG?GB? ke_^m_l ij_djZlblv b i_j_^Z\Zlv kb]gZe |
|
|
|
|
|||||
J:AT?>BG?GB? bfimevkZfb ^ebl_evghklvx fk k |
|
|
|
|
|||||
bgl_j\ZeZfb fbg ^h ihemq_gby kb]gZeZ HK<H;H@>?GB? |
|
|
|
||||||
<j_fy jZkihagZ\Zgby f_`k_jbcgh]h bgl_j\ZeZ g_ [he__ |
|
|
|
||||||
fk |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LZ[ebpZ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
KhklZ\ kb]gZeh\ mijZ\e_gby i_j_^Z\Z_fuo ih AKE |
|
|
|
||||||
\gmljbahgh\hc k_lb |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
MqZklhd |
|
KhklZ\ kb]gZeh\ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:LK ^ r |
|
: < IJYFHF G:IJ:<E?GBB |
|
|
|
|
|||
:LKD :FLKW |
DZl_]hjby b ahgh\uc ghf_j \uau\Zxs_]h |
|
|
|
|||||
DW W:LK D |
Z[hg_glZ dhf[bgZpby²Kem`_[gu_ |
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
agZdb ba :HG dhf[bgZpbb |
|
|
|
|
F_`^m]hjh^guc beb ahgh\uc ghf_j
\uau\Z_fh]h Z[hg_glZ kem`[u
— \_^hfkl\_gghc k_lb b ^j ^_dZ^gh
; < H;J:LGHF G:IJ:<E?GBBB
Kb]gZe aZijhkZ :HG h i_j_^Zq_ bgnhjfZpbb
h dZl_]hjbb b ghf_j_ \uau\Zxs_]h Z[hg_glZ
=p \ khq_lZgbb k ebg_cguf kb]gZehf
aZijhkZ
: < IJYFHF G:IJ:<E?GBB
:LKW DW 1 .D 1D .g fgh]hqZklhlguf dh^hf f_lh^hf :FLKW DW bfimevkgh]h iZd_lZ
W:LK D FPD
; < H;J:LGHF G:IJ:<E?GBB
Kb]gZe aZijhkZ i_j_^Zqb pbnjh\hc
bgnhjfZpbb dhf[bgZpby
Z Ghf_j ijbgyl ijZ\bevgh dhf[bgZpby
[ Ghf_j ijbgyl g_ijZ\bevgh dhf[bgZpby
Ijbf_qZgb_ d lZ[ebp_
1.NA, NB- ghf_j \uau\Zxs_]h b \uau\Z_fh]h Z[hg_glZ
2.D:- dZl_]hjby Z[hg_glkdh]h mkljhckl\Z
Dg dhg_p gZ[hjZ
Kb]gZebaZpby ih f_`^m]hjh^guf kh_^bgbl_evguf ebgbyf
GZ KEF bkihevamxlky ke_^mxsb_ kihkh[u i_j_^Zqb ebg_cguo kb]gZeh\
h^ghqZklhlguc 1F: ih <KD \ BDF ljZdl_ HDK
Kb]gZeu mijZ\e_gby i_j_^Zxlky fgh]hqZklhlguf kihkh[hf ih f_lh^m bfimevkguc q_eghd
HDK
KhklZ\ kb]gZeh\ mijZ\e_gby i_j_^Z\Z_fuo ih KEF ijb\_^_g \ lZ[ebp_
LZ[ebpZ
MqZklhd |
‹ |
‹ dhf |
KhklZ\ kb]gZeh\ |
|
|
[bgZpbb |
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
: < IJYFHF G:IJ:<E?GBB