Approximate questions of the credit

1. Types of literal translation from and into English.

-Literal translating – transcription transliteration

-Verbal translating – the way dealing with the dif parts of the word (incorrect, mistrust)

-word for word translation when parts of speech in both languages are the same (wert attractive ukr.girls)

2. The difference between the interlinear and literary translation.

-. The interlinear way of translating the main idea is a variety of variants.

.- Literary translating highest level of trans activity. (lit artistic, lit proper.)

3. Antonymic translation and its employment.

What a bad sweater on you – який на тоб1 класний светр.

4. Descriptive translation and its employment.

We use this way when we couldn’t find or simply don’t know the right word to translate into target language. Or for trans. Nationalisms. Pampuhky – hifresh buns smeared with fat and ground garlic.

5. Translation of the names and family names of people, geographical names.

When translating separate words (proper names, family names, geographical names) the translator/interpreter always substitutes not only the meaning or sense but very often also these structural forms of the corresponding language units.

Transcribe(eng-rus) translit(rus - eng)

6. Translation of the names of companies, corporations, firms and their corresponding bodies.

Expl. + translit = coca cola co ink – міжнародна організація з виготовленя безалкогольних напоїв «кокакола ко інкорпорейтед»

7. Translation of the names of enterprises, universities, etc. bearing honorary names.

Трансткрипция с англ. На англ. транслит

8. Translation of local names, names of residential areas, hotels, publishing houses, news agencies, etc.

Area name short explication – Ukrainian “vusha shcola” education publishing house.-

9. Translation of the titles of newspapers (magazines, journals).

Area-name-expl-pereodicity

Kyiv city vechirny kyiv informative daily

10. Translation of the names of public bodies (political parties, trade unions, etc.).

The party of regions

Yulia tymoshenko’s block

Scotish electrical шотл.Профспілкаробітників енергетичної промисловості

11. Ways of identification of genuine and pseudo-internationalisms, “false friends of the translator”.

Genuine – sound form and meating – same

Pseudo internat – same meaning but dif sond

Student – g – студент. Ps – учень

Same orphographic form but dif. Meaning

Accurate – точний не аккуратный

Data – данные не дата

12. Ways of conveying the meaning and different lingual forms.

13. Ways of translating loan internationalisms.

Loan Internationalisms preserve in each language the unity of their componental parts i.e., their structural peculiarity, an absolutely identical national meaning and the common sphere of functioning:

Loud-speaker: German – Lautsprecher,

Ital. – altoparlante,

Ukr. – гучномовець,

Russ. – громкоговоритель…

1) by direct translation of the componental parts without changing their structural form:

coefficient of efficiency – коефіцієнт корисної дії,

personal/possessive pronouns – особові/присвійні займенники…

2) with the help of componental translation and some replacements, omissions or substitutions

arising from the national peculiarities of the TL, i.e. depending of its stylistic mode of usage. Thus, the equivalent of the English set-expression “foreign trade” is not “іноземна торгівля” but “зовнішня торгівля”, “national anthem” is not “національний гімн” but “державний гімн”.

3) with the help of descriptive translation:

digital computer – цифрова обчислювана машина,

pluralia tantum – іменники, що вживаються тільки в множині,

singuralia tantum – іменники, що вживаються тільки в однині.

14. Identification of the culturally biased notions/specific notions of national lexicon.

In the course of their development all languages of the world acquire some notions, objects, customs, traditions, monetary systems etc. characteristic of the given nation only.

e.g. English – lady, lord, shilling, box, football, boston, mackintosh, etc.

Ukrainian – Cossack, step, hryvnia.

These and the like words may become internationalisms: lady, mackintosh, shilling and in the lexicon of different languages such notions are easy to translate when they are internationalisms (transcribed or transliterated).

Many other specific notions of national lexicon must be explained in the text or orally.

e.g. Eton – a privileged school in Great Britain;

Harrow – the same;

The East, West End – частина (район) Лондона;

Bloomsbury – the central part of London.

Some notions are absolutely new:

e.g. bingo (азартна гра), gin, coca-cola…

different national occasions (baptizing, marriage, funeral);

moonlighter – підробітник.

Some metaphorical expressions are also used as specific national notions elements:

Athens of the North – Північні Афіни (Едінбург);

kobzar – minstrel;

scouts;

pupils record card – табель успішності;

students record card – залікова книжка (credit book);

a term examination – залік (credit);

a term paper – курсова робота;

graduation paper – дипломна робота;

class instructor/tutor – класний керівник;

tutorial – консультація.

Great Britain has no Ministry of Education but only Department of Education (міністерство освіти)

junior minister – зам. міністра.

The USA has no government but administration, and no ministers but secretaries.

e.g. The secretary of State – міністр закордонних справ

Secretary of the Interior – міністр внутрішніх справ. He is responsible for a forestation, building roads, canals.

The FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation – відповідає нашому міністерству внутрішніх справ.

The all countries of the world have Deputy Minister I, II – But in the US there are undersecretaries.

e.g. The home Secretary, the Foreign Secretary.

Different orders belong to specific notions of national lexicon as well

e.g. The Order of the Bath – орден Бані;

the Order of the Garter – орден підв’язки;

St. Andrew, George order;

The Bohdаn Khmelnytskyi Order;

the Yaroslav the Wise Order;

the Order for Valour – орден за відвагу;

the order for Distinguished Services – "за заслуги".

Very often specific notions are connected with the names of animals: pincher, bulldog, shepherd hound.

15. Ways of conveying specific notions of lexicon into the TL.

1. Translation only when specific notion become an internationalism hooligan kozak

2. By way of transcribing only – haggis – football

3. By transcribing and transliterating and explicating – the tower of London – лонгдонська фортеця тауер

4. Descriptive translating only – stripes and stars – прапор США

5. By translation of componental parts +editional explication – the battle of Britain (повітряні бої на території ВБ під час 1040-41 років)

6. By loan and word-for-word translation калькування фан клуб fan club

7. By means of analogies –popcorn – кукурудзяні баранці

16. Idiomatic expressions and their classification.

Phraseological/idiomatic expressions are structurally, lexically and semantically stable language units having the meaning which is not made up by sum of meanings of their componental parts.

1. e.g. idiomatic expressions which are sometimes called in English lexicology – idioms. These are absolutely cast-iron (неподільне) expressions:

• to cut off with a shilling, means "залишити без спадщини";

• to accept the children hundreds, means "вийти у відставку", "позбавити(сь) повноважень";

• to dine with Duke Humphrey –залишитись без обіду (нічого не ївши).

Apart from cast-iron idioms there are many proverbs and saying whose content is clear from the componental parts.

e.g. Make hay while the sun shines – коси коса поки роса;

East or West – home is best – всюди добре, а дома краще;

There's no use crying over spilt milk – що з воза впало те пропало.

5. Apart from these subdivisions there are some simple proper names which are used metaphorically.

e.g. Tommy Atkins – англійський солдат;

What will Mrs. Grundy say? – Що скажуть люди?

Jack Ketch – кат;

Макар Кас’ян – ненажера, (Robin Bobbin).

Depending on the structure, meaning and origin of idiomatic expression, they may be translated respectively: a) word for word; b) means of analogies; c) even in a descriptive way.

e.g. Дурне сало без хліба – When something cannot be used without a very important second component or instrument.

(-greek myphology – pandoras box

History and literature – to pass the rubicon

Holy bible – a lost sheep

Dif countries – the fair sex, dantes inferno)

17. Ways of translation of idiomatic expressions.

1)By means of absolute equivalents – Wise Solomon – мудрый соломон

2)by the way of near equivalents – measure twicw cut once – сім відмір один одріж

3)by way of choosing genuine analogies – like father like son – яблуко від яблуні

4)by choosing approximate analogies to bark on the moon – марнувати час

5)descriptive translation red blood – мужн1сть to treat one like a lord – щедро обдаровувати

18. Translation of lexically charged determining articles.

19. Conveying the contextual meanings of the definite article.

20. Conveying the contextual meaning of the indefinite article.

21. Asyndetic noun clusters and their syntactic nature.

22. Ways of translating two-and three-component asyndetic substantial clusters.

23. Ways of translating the three-and more component asyndetic noun clusters.

24. Translation of Ukrainian semantic equivalents of asyndetic noun clusters into English.

25. Ways of conveying the meaning of the infinitive and infinitival constructions/complexes into Ukrainian.

26. Ways of conveying the meaning of the participial constructions/complexes.

27. Ways of conveying the gerund and gerundial constructions/complexes.

28. Modality as an extralingual category.

29. Objective/grammatical modality and ways of its expression in English and Ukrainian.

30. Common modal verbs and their meaning in English vs. Ukrainian.

31. Allomorphic English modal verbs and their semantic equivalents in Ukrainian.

32. Expression of modality in English and Ukrainian simple and composite sentences.

55