Ry and practice of translation
Task 1. Translate the proper names, geographical names, names of institutions, companies, magazines, using interlanguage transcription, transliteration, calquing.
1. Washington Irving., Edgar Allan Poe, Dorothy Parker, James Thurbcr, James Langston Hughes, Charles Evans Hughes, Charles III, Victor Hugo, DuPont, Watt Hugh McCollum, Mike Quin, Art Buchwald. Nataniel Hawthorne, Ambrose Bierce, William Parker, William IV, Mitchell Wilson, Woodrow Wilson.
2. Albany, New South Wales, Santa Anna (Calif), Firth of Tay, Ivory Coast, New Orleans, New Hampshire, Utah, Wyoming, New Mexico, Blenheim, Webster Springs, Wells River, Red Lake, East Greenwich, Munich, West Rocky River, West Delaware River, Cornwall, Zurich, Cape Verde Islands.
3. Downing Street, Whitehall, Wigmore Hall, Windsor Castle, Festival Gardens, Fifth Avenue, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross, Haymarket Theatre, Harley Street, Mansion House, Lombard Street.
4. National Bank; Associated British Foods; Aluminium Company of Canada, Ltd; Standard Oil of New Jersey, Imperial Group; London, Midland and Scottish Railway; London Broadcasting Company; Warner Brothers; Butterworth and Dickenson, textile engineers; Independent Television News; Associated Press.
5. Financial Times, Labour Weekly, New York Herald Tribune, Wall Street Journal, Political Affairs, Paris Soir.
Task 2. Translate the sentences, paying attention to rendering the proper and geographical names.
1. A tourist's heart may leap at first sight of the Thames as it cuts through the heart of London because of the spectacle of massed totems such as Parliament, Whitehall, St Paul's Cathedral and the Tower of London that rise majestically near it, and the 15 bridges bearing storybook names and images: Westminster, Waterloo, Blackbriars, London Bridge and Tower Bridge. But nearly everything worth the price of a snapshot sits on the northern bank.
2. After the death of Charles I in 1649 puritanical attitudes to the visual arts did not favour the development of architecture and the destruction, begun under Henry VIII, was renewed during, and after Civil War (1642-1646). Whatever were the merits of government under Cromwell it was a sad period for architecture.
3. Another change which affected architecture was the growth of an educated middle class. From Chaucer to Shakespeare, to Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones, to Wren and Newton, to Hume, Gibbon and Robert Adam and on to Soane, Carfyle, Ruskin and Morris, the "middling sort of people" were taking over and amplifying the secular role which had been played by clergy in earlier times when clerics were almost the only people who could read and write.
Task 3. Translate the following geographical names into Ukrainian and define the method each of them is rendered in part a) and part b):
a) the Channel Islands, the Cheviot Hills, Christmas Island, the Commander Islands, the Crocodile River, Everglades National Park (USA), the Grand Falls, Grand Falls (town), the Great Slave River, the Great Sandy Desert (Australia), the Great Victoria Desert, Hudson Bay, Idaho Falls, Kerch Strait, Maritime Territory (Russia), the Near Islands, the Niagara Falls, the White Nile, the White Mountains, the Yellow River.
b) 1. The Rocky Mountains (the Rockies) are considered young mountains: of the same age as the Alps in Europe, the Himalayas in Asia, and the Andes in South America. 2. There are 48 areas in the Rocky Mountains set aside by state and federal governments for national parks. Among the world-wide known are Yellowstone National Park, Rocky Mountain National Park, Mesa Verde National Park, and, of course, Grand Canyon National Park. In the Sierra Nevada Mountains area best-known is the Yosemite National Park. 3. The Appalachians are old mountains with many coal-rich valleys among them. A. The Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada Mountains catch the largest share of rain off the Pacific Ocean. 5. At the border of the I Jacific Ocean lie the Coast Ranges, relatively low mountains. 6. The Grand Canyon cut by the Colorado River in the high Colorado Plateau, is 1.6 kilometers in depth. 7. North of the Central Lowland are the five Great Lakes and West of the Central Lowland are the Great Plains. 8. The Mississippi is one of the world's great continental rivers, like the Amazon in South America, the Congo in Africa, or the Ganges, Amur, and Yangtze in Asia. 9. The winding Mississippi River and its various branches drain a great basin extending from the Appalachians to the Rockies about one-third the land of the United States. 10. Curving through the heart of the whole western half of the Central Basin is the Missouri River, chief western branch of the Mississippi, once the most destructive river in the United States. 11. The Missouri rises high among the snows of the Rocky Mountains. 12. Like the Mississippi all rivers - east of the Rockies finally arrive at the Atlantic. For this reason the crests of the Rocky Mountains are known as the Continental Divide. 13. The Rio Grande is the foremost river of the Southwest between Mexico and the United States. 14. The skyscrapers of New York, the steel mills of Pittsburg and the automobile assembly lines of Detroit which are symbols of industrial America form the «melting pot» of the country. 15. Detroit, heart of automobile industry, began as a waggon-making town, using wood from the forests that covered the peninsula between Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. 16. The cargo tonnage which passes between Lake Superior and Lake Huron about equals the combined capacity of the Panama and Suez Canals. 17. From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across New York State flows the Hudson River which falls to New York harbour. 18. Great Salt Lake to the north of Salt Lake City in the State of Utah, contains an estimated six thousand millions of tons of soda.
Task 4. Define the methods in which the following geographical names below have to be translated into English.
Алабама (р.), Алабама (штат США), Азорські острови, Аландські острови, Алжир (країна і столиця), Альпи, Амазонка, Азовське море, Аральське море, р.Буг, Говерла, Арктика, Атлантика, Багамські о-ви, Бенґальська затока, оз. Верхнє, Гавайські о-ви, Ґобі (пустеля), Ґрампіанські гори, оз. Гурон, м. Данді/Дербі, р. Дунай, Кривбас, м.Едінбурґ, оз. Ейре, м. Житомир/Запоріжжя, Ірландське море, м. Кельн, Лестер, Ліворно, Лідс, Маґелланова протока, гори Маккензі, острів Мен, р. Міссурі, р. Прип'ять, м. Мюнхен, м. Новий Орлеан, р. Огайо, оз. Онтаріо, Оркнейські о-ви, Піренеї, м. Ростов-на-Дону, Сахара (пустеля), Невада (пустеля і штат), Керченська протока, Кримський перешийок, о. Святої Єлени, Сейшельські о-ви, Соломонові о-ви, р. Темза, м. Ворик, м. Франкфурт-на-Майні, м.Аахен
Task 5. Translate the words and words combinations. Explain your choice of the types of equivalent.
1. administrative efficiency; 2. arbitration; 3. affidavit; 4. Attorney-General; 5. balance of payments; 6. adverse trade balance; 7. to stuff the ballot; 8. casting vote; 9. close vote; 10, back-bencher; 11. to bail out; 12. election returns; 13. brinkmanship; 14 job bias; 15. political bias; 16 brain drain; 17. State of the Union message; 18. income tax; 19-frame-up; 20. career diplomat; 21. red-baiting campaign; 22. Break through; 23. bread-line; 24. circumstantial evidence; 25. gerrymandering; 26. craft, union; 27. open shop system; 28. brain washing; 29. non-contiguous States; 30. company checkers; 31. contempt of court; 32. crippling taxes; 33. polling date; 34. defendant; 35. color-blind; 36. Conglomerate; 37. social work, 38. the Chief Executive; 39. hardware; 40. software.
Task 6. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meaning of neologisms.
1. Galaxies take something like 10 million years to evolve, which is comparable to the age Big Bangers give to the Universe. 2. It is one thing to lambaste the tyranny of diplomatism, but quite another to expect nations to function without high standards of excellence. 3. On most US campuses these days grantmanship - the fine art of picking off research funds - is almost as important to professional prestige as the ability to teach or carry out research. 4. Though her French was not very good and my own regrettably Franglais, we used to read the roles to each other. 5. His political views are an odd mixture of the doctrines of free enterprise and those of welfarists. 6. The President played up again the alleged military superiority, especially the missile gap. 7. The vaccine is the result of a new type of ultra high-speed centrifuge that is spinoff from atomic weapons work. 8. Throw-away umbrellas made of paper have just been marketed on an experimental basis by a Tokyo paper goods firm.
Task 7. Translate the sentences, paying attention to adequate rendering of equivalent-lacking words.
1. Throughout the world fluid fuels are replacing solid fuels because of their technical advantages in transport, handling, storage and use. 2. The law required the use of the French language in addition to English ... It aroused a sensational, though temporary, backlash of English-speaking opinion. 3. Many politicians owe their success to charisma and demagogy rather than to high intelligence and honesty. 4. The girl tried to earn her living as baby-sitter in the neighbourhood. 5. Every morning born tinkerer and would never have a repairman in his house. 7. Last week the Biological Engineering Society celebrated the tenth anniversary of this broad interface between medicine and technology with a conference in Oxford. 8. There will of course be carping critics of the project among do-gooders, conservationists, starry-eyed liberals and wild-lifers. 9. Four potholers were found suffering from exposure yesterday after being, missed for more than 12 hours. 1 We, the human race have braved the violent electromagnetic Aura around Jupiter and photographed its puzzling moons.
2. Once established, aspen seedlings tend to reproduce themselves vegetatively by root suckering.
3. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler combine autos and computers in novel ways. They offer such features as self-adjusted suspensions, sensors, that alter fuel mixture for efficient combustion and systems that diagnose a car's mechanical troubles.
4. Organ transplants will become more successful in the future because of an experimental agent that prevents rejection, say doctors from 12 medical centres. Reporting in the New England Journal of Medicine, the researchers found that a specially engineered monoclonal antibody hatted rejection episodes in 58 of 63 patients who had received new kidneys. By comparison, drug treatment halted rejection episodes in only 45 of 60 patients.
6. Viruses may cause multiple sclerosis, according to two studies in the British medical journal Lancet.
Task 8. Analyze the meaning of English and Russian words, keeping in mind that they are the «translator’s false friends».
Завдання 8. Проаналізуйте значення слів англійської та російської мов, пам'ятаючи, що це "помилкові друзі перекладача".
1. Actual ≠ актуальний;
2. Appellation ≠ алеляція;
3. aspirant ≠ аспірант;
4. balloon ≠ балон;
5. baton ≠ батон;
6. billet ≠ білет;
7. compositor ≠ композитор;
8. concern ≠ концерн;
9. depot ≠ депо;
10. direction ≠ дирекція;
11. fabric ≠ фабрика;
12. genial ≠ геніальний;
13.intelligence≠ интелігенція;
14. motion ≠ моціон;
15. motorist ≠ моторист;
16. obligation ≠ облігація;
17. pathos ≠ пафос;
18. physique ≠ фізик;
19. prober ≠ проба;
20. protection ≠ протекція.
Task 9. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the translation of the “translator’s false friends”
When he was fifteen Chopin entered his father's school for academic studies. 2. It was largely due to Elsner's sympathy and understanding that Chopin was able to evolve a personal style of writing almost from the very beginning of his creative career. 3. His desire to leave Warsaw was intensified by a schoolboy love for Constantia Gladkowska, a singing student. A change of scene seemed the logical prescription. 4. He was bored with the city and agonized by his unrequited love. 5. His father provided him with funds and in the summer of 1829 he came to Vienna. 7. The President's tour of the flood-stricken areas dramatized the fact that the terrible tragedy presented, in the first place, a federal problem. 8. Reason told him he was in the presence of an archenemy, and yet he had no appetite whatever for vengeance. 9. More than 500 senior British scientists from 20 universities signed a pledge boycotting researchts of the American Strategic Defence Initiative, popularly known as Star Wars.
Task 10. Translate the sentences, explaining why the underlined words cannot be translated in the form of the corresponding Ukrainian words.
1. Tolstoy devoted the remainder of his life to writing little pamphlets, teaching peace and love and the abolition of poverty. 2. The navigator on an aircraft must have a good eye for spotting the slightest error in case the robot pilot goes out of control. 3. The boy is quick and accurate at figures. 4. He kept that TV going from noon till long past midnight. Away from it for any length of time he actually became confused and disoriented. 5. His faith in himself and his project was a delicate thing at best. 6. She smiled and Joe was touched suddenly by the very special beauty of the lady – by the still-young blue of eyes that were more deeply sympathetic than truly young eyes could ever be. 7. This indecision consumed the better part of an afternoon. It was typical of the kind of paralysis into which his mind had fallen. 8. Covering a portion of wall from ceiling to floor were several long strips of paper on which had been painted in black the legend: "It's later than you think". 9. We met at the academy, roomed together and immediately felt that rare and wonderful rapport that lights up when two people get along beautifully. 10. Efforts have been made to show that Wishart carried this doctrine into practice; that he was an agitator and may well have been an intermediary in the murder plot against Beaten.
Task 11. Translate the sentences using such lexical transformations as concretization, generalization, development of senses, antonymous and descriptive translation.
1. At seven o'clock a dull meal was served in the oakpanelled dining-room (specification). 2. I apologize for stepping on your toe (generalization). 3. Now, more than two hours later, the big jet was still stuck, its fuselage and tail blocking rainway three zero (generalization). 4. He would cheer up somehow, begin to laugh again, and draw skeletons all over his slate, before his eyes were dry (modulation). 5. Unfortunately, the ground to the right which was normally grass covered, had a drainage problem, due to be worked on when "winter ended (modulation). 6. He had an old mother whom he never disobeyed (antonymous translation). 7. No person may be reinstated to a position in the post service without passing an appropriate examination (antonymous translation). 8. When she reached the house she gave another proof of her identity (explication). 9. In one of his whistle-stop speeches the Presidential nominee briefly outlined his attitude towards civil rights-program (explication). 10. This kind of statement on a very important issue is not unfamiliar. The Government is as always evasive in the matter of extremely urgency. 11. Not unnaturally, the Governments of the United Nations demurred to these proposals. 12. She thought him, however, a good-looking fellow in his knickerbockers and thick stockings, and was not displeased when he came up to speak to her, asking if she remembered him. 13. It is not unlike me that in heading, toward West I should travel East, 14. To compare these two plays is not really unfair. 15. As you say, one's not unfamiliar with those principles.
Task 12. Determine the meaning of polysemantic words, analyzing the dictionary equivalents. If necessary, find contextual equivalents. Translate the sentences.
1. Alan Rees, a businessman, was accused of handling the negotiations for ransom. 2. After the play the notices were unanimously favorable and there was praise for all concerned. 3. The actor had an awkward grace that could no; be copied by anyone in the business. 4. Listen, we ail have funny moods. We wouldn't be human if we didn't. 5. Josephine Carling was a heiress to an automobile fortune. 6. She prided herself or her chic. 7. The. odorous part of human sweat, some scientists believe, appears to include volatile fatty acids produced by bacteria living on and in the skin. 8. The sister married a classmate of mine that's doing very well, in Pittsburgh Plate Glass. One of their coming men. 9. She had always, all her life, been so religious about her cold cream and her facials. 10. He passed a lighted door from which issued music, and stopped with the sense of familiarity.
Task 13. Translate the sentences, finding appropriate equivalents to the word «record».
1. The new candidate was known to have an excellent war record. 2. His father has a record of service with the company of 20 years. 3. It. was clear that the general had carefully studied his aid's service record. 4. Washington D.C., the US capital, is me city with the highest crime record. 5. The data published by the Office of Statistics show that food prices m the country are the highest on record. 6. "Your Honor", Arnold announced, "I move that the testimony of the witness be stricken out from the record". 7. The State Secretary finds that the US government has an unbroken record of friendship for China dating, back to 1844. However shamelessly the American politicians claim to be friends of Chinese people, the historic record which distinguished friend from foe cannot be altered. 8. Had the Republican candidates discussed the record of the Congress they would have exposed the Republican Party as a big business party which led the attack on the vital rights and liberties of the people.
Task 14. Find the appropirate contextual equivalents to the underlined words and translate the sentences.
1. The Union executive committee passed a resolution advising the workers to "sit-out' elections where neither party offers candidate whom labour could support. 2. After the strike many participants of the meeting were beaten up by the Ford plain vigilants. 3. The president of the Auto Workers Union was not at the rally; instead he redbaited the meeting, and charged that it was a plot against him. 4. One of the planks in the Tory programme was to reduce personal consumption; this was to be done partly by rationing the purse. 5. The amendment received 3,622,000 votes, while the Executive resolution received 4,090,000. This close vote at the Trades Union Congress faced the right-wing leaders with a tremendous problem in relation to the future Labour Party Conference. 6. The Coal Board aimed to have safety-level stocks by the beginning of November but now they say they will be at least a million tons short. 7. Chicago. - A proposal that the problem of out-of-this world meat prices be put on the conference table for a working-over by packers, farmers, organized workers and consumers was made here by the President of the United Packinghouse Workers (AFL).
Task 14. Translate paying attention to rendering emphatic structures.
1. What he was referring to was what may be called the psychological magic of words, their power to affect the thinking, feeling and behaviour of those who use them. 2. What those States object to is that development is in the hands of foreign companies who are determined that their shareholders and not the people from whose soil the oil is extracted will get the lions share. 3. What this means is that the ultimate verdict on the Prime Minister will depend on the polices that his government has yet to unfold and on diplomatic future which have yet to appear. 4. What was now to be done, however, is to promote the speediest possible recovery of that industry, along with other section of the engineering industry. 5. What they objected to was the manner in which the firm proposed to lay them off. 6. What I think must be accepted by all is that compulsory arbitration cannot be imposed upon industry if industry itself is not prepared to accept it. 7. What all sides say they want is the withdrawal of British and American troops from these countries; what is in the interest of all, whether they say it or not, is that this shall be accomplished without their leaving a raging fee behind them. 8. What he noticed most, during that first walk home with Lily from Linstead station, was that she seemed so thoroughly satisfied with the place. She pointed to the new cinema just opened in the High Road; she showed him the Carnegie Library, and secondary school and the shopping area, which for some things, she claimed, was almost as good as the West End, and much cheaper. But what stirred her to real boasting were the trees. 9. It is up to the individual to decide whether or not he or she smokes. But what ought to be stopped is the effort, using every possible form of persuasion, to start young people on a course which can end in a great suffering and premature death. 10. Differential grammar is not, as some practitioners of it would have us believe, simply a matter of superimposing an outline of the grammar of one language on that of another. What is the required is special type of description which accounts for all types of differences and equivalences. 11. This one-to-one equivalence is popularly supposed to exist between all the words of both languages. And this is what many learners expect to be taught when they study a foreign language. What is usually the case, however, is that the content equivalence is only partial, that a word in one language has a number of counterparts in the other. 12. When literary critics speak of a novelist's psychology, they do not use the term in quite the sense that psychologists use it. So far as I can make out, what they mean is that the novelist lays a greater emphasis on the motives, thoughts and emotions of his characters than on their actions. 13. What should be understood when people tell us that the plays of Shakespeare or the poems of Milton or Dante are "eternally true" is that they produce in us attitudes toward our fellow men, an understanding, of ourselves, or feelings of deep moral obligation that are valuable to humanity under any conceivable circumstances. 14. Matthew Arnold said of Wordsworth that, what struck him with admiration, what established in his own opinion the poet's superiority, was the great and ample body of powerful work which remained to him, even after all his inferior work had been cleared away. 15. What distinguished this play as a decisive break with the older drama was not so much its form as its content: the characters who took part in the drama and the language in which they expressed themselves.
Task 15. Translate the sentences, pay attention to rendering equivalent-lacking syntactical structures.
1. The contents of the treaty have been recently published, it being no longer necessary to keep them secret. 2. The peaceful demonstration, at the big Ford plant in Dearborn was broken up, with four workers killed and fifty wounded. 3. Only the Russian Bolsheviks opposed the war consistently with the left-wing socialists in many countries also offering various degrees of resistance. 4. Being, remarkably fine and agreeable in their manners, Oliver thought them very nice girls indeed. 5. Bobbing, and bounding upon the spring cushions, silent, swaying to each motion of their chariot, old Jolyon watched them drive away under" the sunlight. 6. Just as I got there a Negro switchman, lantern in hand, happened by. 7. That, gentleman stepped forward, hand stretched out, 8. As the hunger marchers moved along Pennsylvania Avenue they were flanked by two solid rows of policemen, most of them club in hand. 9. They walked without hats for long hours in the Gardens attached to their house, books in their hands, a fox-terrier at their heels, never saying a word and smoking all the time. 10. We sped northward with the high Rocky Mountains peaks far off to the West.
TASK 16. Translate the sentences, pay attention to rendering causative structures.
1. We had two enemy agents arrested, whose role was to create panic by spreading false rumours about the approach of the Germans. 2. In World War II Great Britain lost about 350,000 killed and missing and had her towns and factories blitzed. 3. A very strange thing happened to him a year or two ago. You ought to have him tell you about it, 4. I can't get him to realize that in this case the game is not worth the candle. 5. These speeches were designed to obscure the issues by inflaming public opinion and stampeding Congress into repressive action. 6. The General Executive cannot give his mind to every detail of factory management, but he can get the things done. 7. No suitable opportunity offering, he was dragooned by family and Mends into an assistant-professorship at Harvard. 8. The Tory government would have the British people believe that the US missiles would strengthen the country's security. 9. The fear of lightning is a particularly distressing infirmity for the reason that it takes the sand out of a person to an extent which no other fear can, and it can't be shamed out of a person.
TASK 17 Translate the sentences, pay attention to rendering causative structures.
1. Selinahad spoken to Jakob Hoogendunk about a shelf for her books and her photographs. He had put up a rough bit of board, very crude and ugly, but it had served. She had come home one snowy afternoon to find this shelf gone and in its place a smooth and polished one, with brackets intricately carved.
2. There was pork for supper. Selina's vision of chickens, wild ducks, crusty crullers and pumpkin pies vanished, never to return.
3. Shall the writer renounce his country for a religion? Mr. Evelyn Waugh has done this, only to find that it lands him in the receptive lap of another country's nationalism.
4. Then he left, only to visit and revisit me until I returned to the city, fairly well restored in nerves if not in health.
5. Night did not stop us, and when my eyes ached and burned from peering too long, I pulled into a turnout and crawled like a mole into my bed, only to see the highway writhe along behind my closed lids.
6. Thus the states have weighing stations for trucks where the loads are assessed and taxed. The signs say, "All trucks stop." Being a truck, I stopped, only to be waved on over the scales. They were not looking for such as I.
7. They had seen classes and classes and classes. A roomful of fresh young faces that appeared briefly only to be replaced by another roomful of fresh young faces like round white pencil marks manipulated momentarily on a state, only to be sponged off to give way to other round white marks.
8. He demanded to know where I was living, wanted me to come then and there and stay with him, wanted me to tell him what the trouble was - all of which I rather stubbornly refused to do and finally got away - not however without giving him my address, though with the caution that I wanted nothing,
9. It may be too much to expect men of letters to possess an elementary knowledge of science, or to have any sympathy with scientific precision, but it is not unreasonable to ask for accuracy of description when they are dealing with natural facts and phenomena.
10. He could no longer pick and choose among the invitations that once had littered his writing table, and much more often that he would have liked anyone to know he suffered the humiliation of dining by himself in the privacy/if his suite.
11. My mother did not suffer her authority to pass from her without a shadow of protest.
12. As a matter of fact our immediate demands are incredibly modest. We want all transport workers to be paid a basic rate which brings their wage rates up to the level of the increased cost of living.
13. Ah! But the sea is cruel. I have seen it tear a boat as big as our house all to pieces.
14. He saw Bosinney turn to Irene and say something and her face sparkle as he often saw it sparkle at other people - never at himself.
15. Danny saw Mm give her a long look enquiring and detached, as of a man watching a| new kind of bird; she saw him over Ms eyes, speak and laugh, then gaze back at her.
16. I've looked after the investments of some of my clients for thirty years and they trust me. To tell you the troth, I'd rather lose my own money than see them lose theirs.
17. I was struck by his evident power of concentration. He had neither noticed me go nor come.
18. The modem reader will be surprised to find in the third volume of the book a detailed description of rocket techniques which he may have believed to be quite recently invented.
19. They know that deliberately to refuse trade is cold-bloodedly to allow the standards of the British workers to be savagely cut.
20. Can the consciences of the American people permit this invasion to be the first act of World War Three?
21. We regard the Newsletter as an essential means of communication with our members. But we also look to the Newsletter to bring in more members.
22. You could put. him next to a very boring old lady and count on him to be as charming and amusing with her as he knew how.
23. Urgent matters such as the Middle East are sure to take up much time.
24. Nor have poets failed in labour and industry - Ben Jonson is knowy,o have been a bricklayer, Robert Burns was a plough-boy. '"—*
25. Art. thieves have been known to paint another picture on top of a "hot7' work and clean this off once it is clear of the country.
26. The Premier could never be expected to admit in public that the previous policy was a catastropliic error, nor could any such admission be expected of other leading conservatives.
27. The dinner, incidentally, proved to be excellent, and the Californian that Mr. Fuessli ordered was equal to some Charles had tasted from far more familial" bottles.
28. On the surface, the Lancashire coastal town where I was born in a place of almost idyllic happiness. It was reputed to be one of the sunniest and healthiest towns in the north of England.
29. This statement may well turn out to be just as important in the over-all world situation as the direct results of the conference itself.
30. At Potsdam there had appeared to be no serious obstacles to a solution of this problem which would serve the cause of peace.
31. They mightn't like to seem to expect something.
32. The second belief, loudly trumpeted by whichever political party happens to be in opposition, states that because 40 per cent of all American children go on from school to college, as against only 7 per cent in Britain, America's educational situation must be much better that our own. It is only partly true and is horribly oversimplified.
33. The U.S. still occupies hundreds of military and aircraft bases, many of them thousands of miles from its own territory. Their purpose can hardly be said to be the defence of the U.S.
34. Last week-end's party congress can hardly be said to have simplified the British political scene.
35. During his entire literary life, Theodore Dreiser sought for a theory of
existence. His mind seems constantly to have been filled with "whys". Why was life? Why was there this human spectacle of grandeur and misery, of the powerM and the weak, the gifted and the mediocre?
36. He had firmly marked eyebrows over dark, expressionless eyes, that seemed never to have thought, only to have received life direct through his senses, and acted straight from instinct,
37. The Government could not claim to have been surprised at the latest, changes in the British trade affairs.
38. The causes of the industrial disputes which have reached their climax in the railway and dock strikes are certain to be given careful consideration both by the Government and by the leaders of the trade-union movement.
39. Were this claim to be admitted it would justify any oppression and any crime committed against a weak people whose territory happens to contain valuable raw material.
40. The Prime Minister is to visit 10 Downing Street about lunch-time today from his home in Sussex, where he is supposed to be having a few days' holiday.
41. The Treasury is reported to be demanding, drastic cuts in the estimates prepared by Government departments dealing with health, housing, education and transport.
42. The average actor looks on television with a pretty cool eye. He may get an occasional job out of it, but he is just as likely to lose two others because of it.
43. He considered himself a personage of sorts, and was. The minister, the moralist, the religionist, the narrow, dogmatic and self-centered in any field were likely to be the butt of his humour, and he could imitate so many phases of character so cleverly that he was the life of any idle pleasure-seeking party anywhere.
44. Except for the fact that we sometimes act without thinking it would seem obvious that how we act is determined by how we think. But even when we act without thinking, our actions are likely to follow the lines laid down by our patterns of thought.
45. The union conferences meeting this week are likely to turn a very deaf ear to the Prime Minister's impudent appeal for a wages trace.
TASK 18 Translate the sentences, pay attention to rendering condition.
1. The effects on sterling and on our long run economic position had we taken any other course would undoubtedly have been serious and lasting..
2. For a while the conversation turned on stocks and shares. I should have been surprised to discover that. Elliott was very knowledgeable on the subject if I had not long been aware that for all Ms nonsense he was nobody's fool.
3. The Bar had never really suited me, I had not once thought of going back. And yet, if I could have been content with it I should have had a smoother time. I shouldn't be in the middle of this present, crisis.
4. Two or three times in their married life the doctor had said to his wife: "If George English had been anything but a coward he would have gone to the directors like a man and said, "Gentlemen, I have been using the bank's funds for my own uses. I am willing, to work hard and make it up." And I know the directors would have admired that stand, and they would have given him a chance to make good. But ..."
5. He had been an abnormally too fighting officer in both wars, and had commanded a division in the second, that had been his ceiling. If he had been even reasonably capable, the military in the clubs used to say, he couldn't have helped but go right to the top, since it was hard for a man to be better connected.
6. Wei, he got me out of town by a route which, if I could have remembered it, let alone followed it, would have made the path into the Labyrinth at Knossos seem like a thorough way.
7. But manuscripts were costly, only the few scholars could read them, and so no doubt it would have remained had not a new art come in to multiply writing.
8. It was an administrator's trick, which Rose or Douglas or I could have done ourselves. Still it was impressive. It would have been more so if I had watched him dealing with another's life. Since it was my own life, I found if at times deranging,
9. Neither Getliffe nor Luke realised what Roger was up to. Yet, if they had, they would not have minded much. I believed in his purpose, but it. would have comforted me to know why he did it. Perhaps I thought once or twice that autumn, it would have comforted him too.
10. In Montana to which I had returned, the rise is gradual, and were it not for a painted sign I never would have known when I crossed it.
11. If it had not been for me, his own brother would have shut him up for life.
12. This was the world Fitzgerald grew up in, desiring with all the intensity of his nature to succeed according to its standards and always conscious of hovering socially on the edge of it, alternating between assertion and uncertainty because of his acute awareness that Ms Foothold was unsure. None of the tilings that bothered him would have made a serious impression on him had it not been for Ms already established insecurity.
13. If it had not been for Ms encouragement in the beginning, it was possible that I would not have had the desire and determination to go through the early years of apprentices Mp that had been necessary before I could become a writer.
14. Let us look, then, just at the record of these past years, and consider where we might have been had it not been for the peaceful policies the Soviet Union has pursued in tMs recent period.
15.1 believe I should have been almost stupefied but for one circumstance. 16.1 would have gone to her for shelter, but for her humble station, which made me fear that I might bring some trouble on her.
17. But for the quiet picture I had conjured up, of my mother in her youth and beauty, weeping by the fire, and my aunt relenting to her, I hardly think I should have had courage to go on until next day. But it always went before me, and I followed.
18.1 should certainly have produced the money but that I met the woman's look, and saw her very slightly shake her head and form "No!" with her lips.
19. "She is fade and insipid," writes some unknown correspondent, and adds some more kind remarks in this strain, which I should never have repeated at all but that they are in truth prodigiously complimentary to the young lady whom they concern.
TASK 19 Translate the sentences, pay attention to rendering causative tructures.
1. If mere parsimony could have made a man rich, Sir Pitt. Crawley might have become very wealthy - if he had been an attorney in a country town, with no capital but Ms Brains, it is very possible that, he would have turned them to good account, and might have achieved for himself a very considerable influence and competency.
2. Wood said he had never lost his respect for the fighting qualities of these people. "If they hadn't had their families with them we could have never have caught them. And if we had been evenly matched in men and weapons we couldn't have beaten them. They were men, real men."
3. The novelist, I am supposing, is faced with a situation in his story where for some good reason more is needed than the simple impression which the reader might have formed for himself, had he been present and using Ms eyes on the spot.
4. If I had to make the choice again, I should have done the same.
5. It was the kind of reception, I thought as I stood on the stairs, that might have happened in much the same form and with much the same faces, a hundred years before, except that then it would probably have been held in the Prime Minister's own house, and that nowadays, so far as I remembered accounts of Victorian political patties, there was a good deal more to drink.
6. It meant they had to have regular sit-down meals at the proper times, whereas if they'd been alone they could just have asked Kate if she wouldn't have minded bringing them a tray wherever they were.
7. "It would be very nice for me if Rudd's show come off. I should get some reflected glory which I could do with."
8. Martin was on the other side of the fire. I thought that he could not have heard. Nevertheless, before Puchwein began again, Martin apologized for Irene. She was finishing some work, he said; it must have taken longer than she reckoned and it looked as though she might not get there at all.
9. "Of course," Roger went on, "if you want to get anywhere on politics, you've got to be good at pushing on open doors. If you can't resist pushing on closed ones, then you ought to have chosen another job. That's what you're telling me, isn't it? Of course you are right. I shouldn't be surprised if you The developing, countries face a formidable challenge. They have the task of providing shelter, services and work in cities for an additional 150,000 people every day. They must seek to do this when more than 300 million are already jobless, 700 million people have an absolute or relative poverty, and development prospects appear more constrained then ever before.
In the countryside, housing conditions continue to be marked by mass poverty, malnutrition, dilapidated housing, poor water supply, inadequate sanitation, and a lack of services.
This situation, coupled with lack of employment opportunities, continues to drive rural people away from their homes, in the hope of improving their lot in the cities. The decline of traditional agriculture, rapid population growth, absence of alternative centres to disperse migratory flows, the concentration of economic activities in a few major cities - these factors will guarantee that the urban population of primate cities will continue to expand rapidly, this leading to the further expansion of slums and squatter settlements.
TASK 20. Translate the sentences, pttention to rendering causative structures.
Завдання 2, Перекладіть речення, проаналізувавши використані стилістичні засоби.
1. Freedom of speech, like many other equalities, was more honoured in the breach than in the observance. 2. Obviously something was rotten in the State of Alabama - something putrid and stinking. 3. The watchword of the graft-busting drive was "Beware of Agents Bearing Gifts". 4. The conservationists try to get the industry to realize that grime does not pay. 5. A Federal judge said at the time that the decision had made a shambles of the Smith Act. But Humpty Dumpty has been put together again by the new Administration. 6. His hair couldn't have been more violently on end, if it had been that moment dressed by the Cow with the crumpled horn in the house that Jack built. 7. As a true artist the writer held up his mirror to catch the flashes of light and shadow that make up the straggle of the working class. 8. Each member of the union must be prepared to offer his widow's mite to help the starving children of the strikers. 9. The Union ranks grow in struggle and it is in struggle that we recruit our leadership and the ranks of the best men and women of the working, class. 10. Come war, come deluge, come anything and everything except the popular uprising against the scarcity-dividend system, the international machine of profit-making must pound on. 11. The wretched slaves had no knowledge, no rights, no protection against the caprices of their irresponsible masters. 12. Examination convinced him that the deacon was dead - had been dead for some time, for the limbs were rigid. 13. She did more that day than any other. For, in the morning she invariably cleared off her correspondence; after lunch she cleared off the novel or book on social questions she was reading; went to a concert clearing off a call on the way back; and on first Sundays stayed at home to clear off a call the friends who came to visit her.
Task 21. late the article in writing.
LEAVE THE COVERAGE TO US
Travelers heading for the sun or the slopes this winter will probably notice a jump in the price of getting away from it all. The culprits this time are not the airlines but the leading U.S. car-rental agencies, which are imposing their first significant price increases in several years. Last week Hertz increased its rates as much as 5%, and Avis said it plans to do likewise within the year. Other rental agencies are expected to follow the industry leaders before long.
The car rental companies are responding in part to a loss of revenue from one of their most expensive options: collision insurance. Until recently many car-rental customers paid as much as $ 13 a day for so-called collision-damage waivers to protect themselves against liability for any repair costs in case their vehicles were damaged. But many mat or credit-card companies now offer such coverage to their cardholders at no cost whenever they charge a rental. As a result, more and more consumers decline the pricey waivers. In the most sweeping move so far, American Express began offering the collision coverage last week to its more than 11 million green-card holders. The American Express action, says Joseph Russo, a Hertz-vice president, "begins the de facto elimination of the CDW by car-rental companies".
Rental-car firms have long maintained that CDW are reasonably priced, and that most of the revenues from them go toward repairing vehicles. But now at least, some car-rental executives consider that the CDW has been money-maker all along. The Hertz rate increase, says Russo, is "primarily, designed to take care of the revenue loss" that will follow American Express green-card coverage.
Task 22. slate the text.
Taking a byte out of crime: some guidelines on computer theft prevention
BY SALLY J. BLANK
Business computers have lent a pernicious sophistication - even a glamor -to white-collar crime in its myriad forms. We hear awe-in spiting stories of slick data processing bandits who embezzle fortunes at the touch of a button, and then publish spectacular memoirs from their minimum-security cells - or then" Swiss retreats - to the shock of the business world.
But when you look at the hard figures of computer crime, they are anything but glamorous. The theft of information committed more often than not through a computer - costs us as much as $20 billion a year, reports the National Institute of Justice. And where the average bank robbery pulls in a mere $15,000, the average computer theft nets a neat $400,000, and can be committed in less than three milliseconds.
Such efficiency is enhanced by incredible post-crime odds. According to August Bequal, white-collar crime expert and author of How to Prevent Computer Crime (Wiley, 1983), the likelihood of a computer crime being discovered by the authorities is one in a hundred. Technological advances grow at a rate leaps and bounds ahead of law enforcement's ability to keep up, says Bequal. And hard evidence is a scarce commodity in computer capers, where a thief can cover his or her tracks with the touch of a button, making prosecution very difficult for victimized companies.
What, then can management do to protect itself against such costly ripoffs? Data security experts all cite four main activities for employers and managers: keep your eyes open and know the danger signals; install and maintain strict prevention measures; know how to effectively investigate possible crimes in-house; and know what laws might apply, if worse comes to worst and you must "sell" your case to government prosecutors.
Warning signals
Several red flags can signal alert managers that a fellow employee could be a "'wolf in sheep's clothing", says Louis Scoma, founder and CEO of Houston-based Data Processing Security, Inc., which has aided over 650 companies with their computer security systems since 1970. Consider the following:
Does one of your employees consistently come in early and stay after hours -with no visible results from the extra hours of work?
Have you recently fired an employee who had access to sensitive information? Do you have any such workers on staff who are disgruntled with the company for any reason?
Do any of your employees with access to sensitive data to the personal microcomputers to and from the office in order to do extra work?
Did an employee you transferred from headquarters to a branch office come back to "clean out his desk" or "visit old friends" even though he knew the security codes had been change?
Has your company experienced a recent increase in data processing needs, while you have not upgraded your security system to accommodate the change?
"If you have answered yes to two or more of these questions," says Scoma, "double-check your security system and the people responsible for keeping it intact. If you don't, you could be headed for high-tech trouble."
An ounce of prevention
According to the Better Business Bureau, the vast majority of computer crimes are preventable. Managers must be aware that technology creates myriad opportunities for crime, and that installation of computer equipment and installation of security measures should go hand in hand. Although the following measures may seem like common sense, consider them in light of your company's own practices. How many are fully followed?
Employee hiring. Conduct thorough background checks on all potential EDP employees. Check with former employers; get references - both professional and personal. Verify technical skills, and check credit histories.
Controlling access to facilities. Maintain a log book with times and names of all who have access to the computer facilities. Allow only employees who work with the computer to sign it. Confirm and verify any service calls, and have a company employee accompany any technician to the worksite.
Physical security. Separate computer facilities from other departments, in a secure, isolated area with few windows or doors, adequate lighting, secure locks, and, if possible, a security guard at each entrance. Provide the appropriate personnel with proper identification that can be verified at the entrance, such as photo or fingerprint IDs.
Task 23 Translate the texts, determining their styles.
.
Text 1
(1) Water has the extraordinary ability to dissolve a greater variety of substances than any other liquid. (2) Falling through the air it collects atmospheric gases, salts, nitrogen, oxygen and other compounds, nutrients and pollutants alike. (3) The carbon dioxide it gathers reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. (4) This, in turn, gives it greater power to break down rocks and soil particles that are subsequently put into solution as nutrients and utilized by growing plants and trees. (5) Without this dissolving ability, our lakes and streams would be biological deserts, for pure water cannot sustain aquatic life. (6) Water dissolves, cleanses, serves plants and animals as a carrier of food and minerals; is it the only substance that occurs in all three states - solid, liquid and gas - and yet always retains its own identity and emerges again as water.
Text 2
(7) I am often asked what I think of the latest opinion poll, especially when it has published what appears to be some dramatic swing in "public opinion". (8) It is as if the public seeing itself reflected in a mirror, seeks reassurance that, the warts on the face of its opinion are not quite ugly as all that! (9) I react to these inquiries from the ludicrous posture of a man who, being both a political and a statistician cannot avoid wearing two hats. (10) I am increasingly aware of the intangibility of the phenomenon described as "public opinion'. (11) It is the malevolent ghost in the haunted house of politics. (12) But the definition of public opinion given by the majority of opinion polls is about the last source from which those responsible for deciding the great issues of the day should seek guidance.
Text З
THE $6 MILLION STUMBLE
It was one small misstep for a technician and an expensive setback for the next mission of the space shuttle "Discovery". Last week a hapless worker, whose name has been withheld to protect him from humiliation, tripped on the tail of his lab coat and piled into the exhaust nozzle of a space rocket that is to ferry an important communications satellite into orbit next February. The accident caused a crack in the heat-resistant carbon nozzle that was too serious to be fixed with a simple patch, and NASA will have to replace the entire first stage of the expensive rocket. Total cost: about $6 million.
Text 4
ONE BILLION PEOPLE NEEDSHEETER
More then one billion people, a quarter of the world's population, are either literally homeless, or live in extremely poor housing and unhealthy environments. About 100 million people have no shelter whatsoever, they sleep in the streets, under bridges, in vacant lots, alleys and doorways.
In the developing world, approaching 50 per cent of the urban population lives in slums and squatter settlements. In some cities the figure approaches 80 per cent.
The housing situation is made -worse by the urban growth rates. Cities m developing countries continue to grow at a rate of over 3,5 per cent per year; this means a yearly growth of around 49 million people. By the year 2000, these cities will be expanding by some 78 million people a year - more than 214,000 every day.
By 1985, the number of people living in the cities of developing countries had reached nearly 1.2 billion. In the next 14 years, an estimated 800 million people will be added to the already rapidly expanding cities of the developing world. Given these trends, countries would have to double their shelter, infrastructure and services capabilities simply to maintain the status quo.
The growth rates of slums and squatter settlements are even more dramatic.1 Overall, the population of these settlements is increasing at twice the rate of the cities themselves, and four times faster than world population growth.
The developing countries face a formidable challenge. They have the task of providing shelter, services and work in cities for an. additional 150,000 people every day. They must seek to do this when more than 300 million are already jobless, 700 million people live m absolute or relative poverty, and development prospects appear more constrained then ever before.
In the countryside, housing conditions continue to be marked by mass poverty, malnutrition, dilapidated housing, -poor water supply, inadequate sanitation, and a lack of services.
This situation, coupled with lack of employment opportunities, continues to drive rural people away from their homes, in the hope of improving their lot in the "cities". The decline of traditional agriculture, rapid population growth, absence of alternative centres to disperse migratory flows, the concentration of economic activities in a few major cities - these factors will guarantee that the urban population of primate cities wall continue to expand rapidly, this leading to the further expansion of slums and squatter settlements.
Task 24.