English Style Guide
20.5Official/working/procedural languages. The relevant regulations do not distinguish between official and working languages. Internally, however, the Commission works in three languages — English, French and German — unofficially referred to as the ‘procedural languages’. Material generated inside the Commission for internal use only is drafted in one or more of these and, if necessary, is translated only between those three. Similarly, incoming documents in a non-procedural language are translated into one of the procedural languages so that they can be generally understood within the Commission, but are not put into the other official languages.
CURRENCIES
20.6Currency abbreviations. The main currency codes are set out in Annex A7 of the Interinstitutional Style Guide. An exhaustive list of codes can be found in ISO 4217.
20.7The currency abbreviation precedes the amount and is followed by a hard space:1
EUR 2 400; USD 2 billion
The symbol also precedes the amount and is followed by a thin space2 (see also 3.9):
€120 000; £ 78 000; $ 100 m
20.8Units and subunits. Use a point to separate units from subunits:
€7.20; $ 50.75; EUR 2.4 billion; USD 1.8 billion
20.9The euro. Like ‘pound’, ‘dollar’ or any other currency name in English, the word ‘euro’ is written in lower case with no initial capital. Where appropriate, it takes the plural ‘s’ (as does ‘cent’):
This book costs ten euros and fifty cents
However, in documents and tables where monetary amounts figure largely, make maximum use of the € symbol or the abbreviation EUR.
21 EXTERNAL RELATIONS
21.1The terms ‘external relations’ or ‘external policy’ refer to the Commission’s and the EU’s traditional dealings with non-member countries in the fields of trade, aid and various forms of cooperation. Use ‘foreign policy’ only in the limited context of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP).
1Key code for Windows: Alt + 0160. In Word, press Ctrl + Shift + Space.
2Key code for Windows: Alt + 8201. At present, however, this does not display correctly on Commission PCs. Instead, insert a hard space (Ctrl + Shift + Space in Word) and then halve the space width (in Word: Format, Font, Character Spacing, Scale = 50 %). If this is not practicable, close up to the amount.
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21.2Information on individual countries. For names, currencies, capital cities, etc., see the list in Annex A5 of the Interinstitutional Style Guide.
21.3The European Economic Area (EEA), established by the 1991 Agreement on the European Economic Area, extended the ‘free movement’ principles of the then European Communities (now the EU) to the countries of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), i.e. Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Finland, Sweden, Austria and Liechtenstein. Switzerland failed to ratify the Agreement and Austria, Finland and Sweden subsequently joined the EU.
21.4Enlargement process. Going by the Commission’s enlargement glossary (in May 2010), an ‘acceding country’ is one that has signed an act of accession, a ‘candidate country’ is one whose application has been officially accepted, whether or not negotiations have started, and a ‘potential candidate country’ is one that has been offered the prospect of membership. The term ‘applicant country’ would describe any country that has applied to join the EU, so is not an official designation as such. The term ‘accession country’ may be used either for countries about to join the EU or those that have just joined it, so should be avoided if there is a danger of misinterpretation. Note that ‘candidate countries’ may include ‘acceding countries’ where no distinction is being made between them.
21.5South-East Europe (Western Balkans). In the context of EU external relations the two terms are used interchangeably to refer collectively to Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia and Montenegro.
21.6Third countries. The term third country is used in the Treaties, where it means a country that is not a member of the Union. This meaning is derived from ‘third country’ in the sense of one not party to an agreement between two other countries. Even more generally, the term is used to denote a country other than two specific countries referred to, e.g. in the context of trade relations. This ambiguity is also compounded by the fact that the term is often incorrectly interpreted to mean ‘third-world country’.
If there is a risk of misunderstanding, therefore, especially in documents intended for the general public, either spell out what the term means or use e.g. ‘non-member/non-EU countries’ where this is meant.
21.7United States of America. Shorten to the United States after first mention;
America and American are quite acceptable, but the States should generally be avoided. Abbreviate as USA if the proper noun is meant, as US if the adjective is intended. USA is used more widely in other languages; in translation work it is better rendered the United States. Note that a singular verb follows in English (see also 6.2).
21.8Islam. Islam is the faith, Muslim (not Muhammedan, Mohammedan) a member of that faith. An Islamic country thus has a mainly Muslim population, some of whom may be Islamists (i.e. ‘fundamentalists’).
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21.9Middle East. The term Middle East now covers the countries around the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, the Arabian Peninsula, and Iran. The term Near East has fallen into disuse in English since World War Two. Translate both French Proche Orient and Moyen Orient, German Naher Osten and
Mittlerer Osten, by Middle East — unless, of course, the source text contrasts the two regions.
21.10International organisations. The best source is The Yearbook of International Organisations.
21.11United Nations. Use the abbreviation UN, not UNO. See also Everyman’s UN.
21.12GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). The term the GATT refers to the Agreement, which is still in force, while GATT without the article refers to the now defunct organisation, superseded by the World Trade Organisation (WTO). While GATT had Contracting Parties, the WTO has Members. The WTO administers not only the GATT but also the GATS — the General Agreement on Trade in Services — as well as a host of other Understandings, Agreements and Arrangements on specific topics. The WTO is not to be confused with the WCO, or World Customs Organisation, formerly known as the Customs Cooperation Council.
21.13OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). The ‘Conseil des ministres’ is called simply ‘the OECD Council’.
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