Text 2.

Read and translate the following text into Ukrainian.

Wing construction is basically the same in all types of aircraft. Most modern aircraft have all metal wings, but many older aircraft had wood and fabric wings.

To maintain its all-important aerodynamic shape, a wing must be designed and built to hold its shape even under extreme stress. Basically, the wing is a framework composed chiefly of spars, ribs, and (possibly) stringers. Spars are the main members of the wing. They extend lengthwise of the wing (crosswise of the fuselage). All the load carried by the wing is ultimately taken by the spars. In flight, the force of the air acts against the skin. From the skin, this force is transmitted to the ribs and then to the spars.

Most wing structures have two spars, the front spar and the rear spar. The front spar is found near the leading edge while the rear spar is about two-thirds the distance to the trailing edge. Depending on the design of the flight loads, some of the all-metal wings have as many as five spars. In addition to the main spars, there is a short structural member which is called an aileron spar.

The ribs are the parts of a wing which support the covering and provide the airfoil shape. These ribs are called forming ribs and their primary purpose is to provide shape. Some may have an additional purpose of bearing flight stress, and these are called compression ribs.

The most simple wing structures will be found on light civilian aircraft. High-stress types of military aircraft will have the most complex and strongest wing structure.

Three systems are used to determine how wings are attached to the aircraft fuselage depending on the strength of a wing's internal structure. The strongest wing structure is the full cantilever which is attached directly to the fuselage and does not have any type of external, stress-bearing structures. The semi-cantilever usually has one, or perhaps two, supporting wires or struts attached to each wing and the fuselage. The externally braced wing is typical of the biplane (two wings placed one above the other) with its struts and flying and landing wires.

In order to confer lateral stability to an aircraft, the wings may be angled upwards from the fuselage towards the wingtips. This is known as a dihedral. Some wings may be inclined the opposite way and this is called anhedral and allows aircraft to be very maneuverable, as is needed for military or aerobatic aircraft.

Unit II.3. Tail Unit Text 1.

Study and translate the following terms:

empennage – the rear part of an aircraft, comprising the fin, rudder, and tailplane.

pitch – to deviate from a stable flight attitude by movement of the longitudinal axis about the lateral axis

yaw – the angular movement of an aircraft, missile, etc., about its vertical axis.

fin – a vertical surface to which the rudder is attached, usually placed at the rear of an aeroplane to give stability about the vertical axis US name: vertical stabilizer.

tailplane – a small horizontal wing at the tail of an aircraft to provide longitudinal stability Also called (esp. US): horizontal stabilizer.

fuselage – the main body of an aircraft, excluding the wings, tailplane, and fin.

elevator – a control surface on the tailplane of an aircraft, for making it climb or descend.

rudder – a vertical control surface attached to the rear of the fin used to steer an aircraft, in conjunction with the ailerons.

aileron – a flap hinged to the trailing edge of an aircraft wing to provide lateral control, as in a bank or roll.

trim tab – a small control surface attached to the trailing edge of a main control surface to enable the pilot to trim an aircraft.

camber – airfoil (aerofoil) curvature expressed by the ratio of the maximum height of the aerofoil mean line to its chord.

deflect – to turn or cause to turn aside from a course.

canard – an aircraft in which the tailplane is mounted in front of the wing.

Read and translate the following text into Ukrainian.