donchenko_angliyska_ddlya_psikhologiv_i_sotsiologiv

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II.Choose the right answer:

1.How many Luria's works have been translated into other languages?

a) 250 works have been translated; b) 300 works have been translated; c) 350 works have been translated.

2.What idea did Luria's first work support?

a) Human behaviour could be reduced to a sum of neurological reflexes.

b) Human behaviour could be reduced to specific systems of behaviour.

3.What does Luria's psychology concentrate on?

a) His psychology concentrates on environmental influences. b) His psychology concentrates on the development of mental

capacities through learning.

c) His psychology concentrates on introspection.

4.What mental processes did Luria investigate?

a) He investigated accomodation and assimilation.

b) He investigated social aspects of mental capacities. c) He investigated perception, imagination and self-

awareness.

II I . Explain the headline of the text.

IV. Role-play.

1.You are going to enter the Psychology Faculty but your parents object. You are trying to persuade them that psychology is one of the basic fields of knowledge.

2.Ask your friends if they know the differences in the specialties of a psychologist, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. If they don't, enlighten them.

3.You are interviewing a famous psychologist. What possible questions could you ask about the development of psychology as a separate discipline.

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4.You have just made a report on Luria's research and are ready to answer your friends' questions.

WORD STUDY I. Give Russian equivalents for:

mental activity; human behaviour; throughout the life span; emotionally distressed; to provide a scientific basis; to be closely linked to; to be derived from; to conduct research; school setting; training devices.

III.Give English equivalents for:

научение; память; мышление; естественные науки; гуманитарные науки; с одной стороны; с другой стороны; внимание; восприятие; определение; общение; лечить; оценивать; окружающая среда.

III. Translate and memorize the following words and their derivatives:

psychology - psychological — psychologist; science - scientific — scientist;

relate - relation - relationship;

human - humanity - humanities - human beings; perceive - perception - perceptual;

observe - observer - observation;

connect - connection - connected - closely connected.

IV. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms:

basic	to connect
to investigate	social intercourse
throughout	to evaluate
to provide	to increase
to link	teenager
people	main
communication	during
to assess	to give
setting	to study
to enhance	human beings
уоungster	environment

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V. Arrange the following in pairs of antonyms:

birth	joy
on the one hand	to worsen
anger	inside
to separate	death
primary	regress
achievement	to decrease
within	on the other hand
to enhance	to unite
to improve	final

VI. Complete the sentences:

1.Psychologists study basic functions such as ... .

2.Psychology occupies a strategic position between … .

3.The word «psychology» is derived from ... .

4.Psychology dates back to ... .

5.Ancient thinkers were interested in ... .

6.In the Middle Ages there appeared such theories as … .

7.A. Luria is famous for ... .

8.He is famous throughout … .

9.I should like to specialize in ... .

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UNIT II

Text I

I. Read and translate the text:

Why Do People Work?

A simple question which goes deeper than the obvious answer, «То earn enough is to live on». Psychologists have found that mental and physical activity - and work in particular - is a dominant human driving force. Some argue that it is the same set of motivators which led a primitive man to hunt and fight in a tribal setting.

Are some motives more basic than others? Many psychologists refer to the theory of Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, which suggests that motives are ordered. Maslow felt that human beings are born with five systems of needs which are arranged in the hierarchy.

People remain «wanting animals» all their lives. As one set of needs (motives) is taken care of, a new set replaces it. We work our way up through various systems in order. Maslow's theory begins with physiological needs, such as food, water, oxygen, sex, protection from temperature extremes, activity. These needs for survival are the strongest. They must be satisfied to some degree before other needs appear. If only one of them remains unsatisfied, it may dominate all the others. Once human physiological needs are satisfied, the other needs arise. Adults want stable jobs, saving accounts, and insurance. Thus adequate pay and working conditions are of fundamental importance. When safety needs are achieved, people seek to love and be loved. The family is the most important unit where they receive support. In larger organization it is the team, the department, the company, the trade union or the profession which may satisfy the need.

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Once love needs are satisfied, needs to be esteemed by oneself and others dominate. People want to be valued in their communities, at work and at home. They want to respect themselves. Self-esteem is an important part of job satisfaction and is another step in the hierarchy. It means that the individual understands the contribution needed from him and is receiving recognition for making it. Words of congratulation and rewards are necessary things for self-esteem.

The final step is the release of potential. This may be a simple ambition to succeed or the desire to make a contribution to a body of knowledge. People struggle to realize their potentials and to fulfil their ideals. Maslow theorized that these needs predominate in healthy personalities. In his view, only 1 per cent of Americans achieve self-actualization. Why is it so rare? Most of us, Maslow believed, are blind to our true potentials. We conform to cultural stereotype rather than for persona! needs. Concerns about safety make us fearful of risk taking and closed to new experiences.

II. Answer the following questions:

1.What is a dominant human driving force?

2.What do you know of Abraham Maslow?

3.What system of needs does he suggest?

4.What are the strongest human needs, according to his hierarchy?

5.What do adults want to receive when their physiological needs are satisfied?

6.What do people seek when safety needs are achieved?

7.Where can people receive support?

8.What does self-esteem mean?

9.How do people try to realize their potentials?

10.Why do most people fail to realize their potentials?

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III.Find the facts in the text to prove that:

1.Human beings are born with five systems of needs.

2.People remain «wanting animals» all their lives.

3.The family is the most important unit.

4.People do not realize their potentials completely.

IV. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

Give your arguments:

1.Mental and physical activity is a dominant driving force.

2.Safety needs are the strongest in human beings.

3.In their work people do not think of their self-esteem at all.

4.Most of us are blind to our true potentials.

V. Make up a list of problems raised in the text. Which one is the most important? Why do you think so?

VI. Make up a plan of the text.

VII. Explain the theory of hierarchy suggested by A. Maslow.

Text 2

I. Read the text and give its general idea in

Russian:

Management - Science or Art?

The management is not an easy process. Every person at work has a unique character, set of skills, attitudes and weaknesses. Every group of people working together will behave differently from every other group because of its individuality. Every manager is different and so is his relationship with the people he manages. Each management process is under unique conditions.

Using a simple analogy it is rather like playing on the same golf course every day. The course remains the same but the combination of conditions makes every round unique.

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What the good manager needs to know is the following. A successful manager has the ability to «read» the characters and behaviour of his colleagues. This enables them to act in the right way at the right time and as a result to win loyalty, enthusiasm and effort from those around them. How do good managers do it?

Good managers study human behaviour - including their own. People's characters are formed in different ways, the interplay between their intellect and their emotions varies widely. Their capacities for insecurity, aggression, anxiety and ambition also differ greatly. With this kaleidoscope of human types what is it that gives the manager the insight he needs?

The answer lies in having an understanding of the general characteristics of behaviour and relating this knowledge to specific individuals and to the team. Plus the ability to learn from his own experience and that of others.

Notes:

Anxiety - тревожность ambition — тщеславие

II. Make up questions to the text and ask your friend to answer them.

III.Explain:

a)why the management is not an easy process;

b)what is understood by a good manager;

c)what managers should study

IV. Discuss in the group:

a)characteristics of an ideal manager;

b)optimal working conditions;

c)what is better - to manage or to have a good manager.

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Text 3

I. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions:

1.What experiments does the laboratory carry out?

2.How do people relax?

3.What do the psychologists recommend?

4.How do the psychologists try to help people?

A Calm Person Works Calmly

Any firm in this country is motivated by the consideration of Man's well-being. But Man is also a productive force that keeps a business going. A thoughtful approach is needed not to divide the two concepts of Man as a productive force and as the main concern. Special efforts are also needed to ensure that the principal goal - Man's well-being - is the focus of attention every day and every hour.

A special social-psychological service has been set up in many firms to help make its principal goal a reality. The service is a laboratory and a group of psychology experts. The laboratory carries out experiments, using visual display units, to study the ability for team work, the characters of the working people and their manager. Other methods include questionnaires, polls, and specially-oriented studies. They produce either immediate results or give recommendations a bit later. Fatigue is studied from every angle - the nature of work, age, sex, and working conditions. And the recommendations vary.

In one case it is an additional 15-minute break in work spent in relaxation room. Sitting in an atmosphere of quiet, coolness and semidarkness people hear a soft voice talking about self-training. This is followed by watching a beautiful scenery on the screen to the accompaniment of music. Fifteen

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minutes of this relaxation can make a person feel as if he has been away from work for several hours.

In another case physical exercise, some sitting-up exercises may be recommended, or a person may be advised to go to refreshment room and have a glass of specially-prepared cocktail of juices.

There are certain monotonous, mechanical jobs in which only part of the brain is used. According to the psychologists, the other part can and should be used for the general development. So a psychologist would go to such people and talk about new films, plays or books. He does his best to help workers overcome stress situations.

Notes:

fatigue – усталость scenery – пейзаж

to overcome – преодолеть

II.Read the text again and explain why it is headlined in such way.

III.Read the article and say what you think of its contents:

If you Lose your Job – Ways to Survive

Interview with Mr. May, Financial Planner

Q.Mr. May, is it possible for a person to emerge unscathed from a long period of being out of job?

A.I’d say unscathed would be too optimistic. But it’s

certainly possible to plan ahead and to survive a period of unemployment without deep emotional and psychological scars.

Especially in this recession, the whole concept of longterm job security – whether it be in government, the auto