Finansove_pravo_2 / Podatkove_Pravo_Bandurka2012

ɉɈȾȺɌɄɈȼȿ ɉɊȺȼɈ	21

ɉɥɚɬɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ:

—ɫɬɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ;

—ɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɬɢ ɡɜɿɬɧɿɫɬɶ, ɳɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɿɜ;

—ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɬɚ ɦɢɬɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ, ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿʀ, ɡɜɿɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɫɩɥɚɬɨɸ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɿɜ;

—ɫɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɬɚ ɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɯ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ;

—ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɭ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɭ ɜɢɦɨɝɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɡ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɿɜ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɿɡ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ), ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ, ɪɟɝɿɫɬɪɢ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɭ ɡɜɿɬɧɿɫɬɶ, ɿɧɲɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɚ ɫɩɥɚɬɨɸ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɿɜ. ɍ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ ɜɢɦɨɡɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ, ɬɚ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɢ ɞɥɹ ʀɯ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ;

—ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ, ɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨ ɫɭɦɢ ɤɨɲɬɿɜ, ɧɟ ɫɩɥɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɞɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɿɥɶɝ (ɫɭɦɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɩɿɥɶɝ) ɬɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɢ ʀɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ;

—ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɳɨɞɨ ɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɿɜ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɦɢɬɧɨʀ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɿ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɚɤɬɢ (ɞɨɜɿɞɤɢ) ɩɪɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ;

—ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɲɤɨɞɠɚɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɿɣ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɯ ɨɛɨ- ɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɬɚɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɿɜɢɦɨɝɢɬɚɤɨʀɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɨʀɨɫɨɛɢ;

—ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɡɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɿɸ ɚɛɨ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɪɨɛɨɱɢɯ ɞɧɿɜ ɡ ɞɧɹ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ (ɤɪɿɦ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɿɜ, ɤɨɥɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɟ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ);

22Ɉ. Ɇ. Ȼɚɧɞɭɪɤɚ, ȼ. Ⱦ. ɉɨɧɿɤɚɪɨɜ, ɋ. Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɚ

—ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɩɪɨ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɦɿɫɰɟɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɬɚ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ — ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɰɹ;

—ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɿɡ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɭ;

—ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɨɤ ɞɨ ɨɛɫɬɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɣ (ɤɪɿɦ ɠɢɬɥɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ), ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɱɢ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɨɤ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɨɛɱɢ-

ɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɿɜ.

Ɉɛ’ɽɤɬɨɦ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɦɚɣɧɨ, ɬɨɜɚɪɢ, ɞɨɯɿɞ (ɩɪɢɛɭɬɨɤ) ɚɛɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ, ɨɛɨɪɨɬɢ ɡ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ (ɪɨɛɿɬ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝ), ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ (ɪɨɛɿɬ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝ) ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ, ɡ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɭ.

Ȼɚɡɨɸ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɿ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɧɿ, ɮɿɡɢɱɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɚ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɨɛɬɨ, ɛɚɡɚ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɰɟ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɣ, ɜɚɪɬɿɫɧɢɣ ɱɢ ɿɧɲɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɣ ɜɢɪɚɡ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɚ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɞɨ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɿ ɹɤɢɣ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ.

Ɉɞɢɧɢɰɟɸ ɜɢɦɿɪɭ ɛɚɡɢ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚ ɜɚɪ-

ɬɿɫɧɚ, ɮɿɡɢɱɧɚ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɛɚɡɢ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɢɱɨɦɭ, ɨɞɧɿɣ ɛɚɡɿ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɹ ɜɢɦɿɪɭ ɛɚɡɢ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ.

ɋɬɚɜɤɨɸ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧɢɰɸ ɜɢɦɿɪɭ ɛɚɡɢ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱥ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɭɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɛɚɡɢ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɭɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ(ɿɡ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹɦɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɟɮɿɰɿɽɧɬɿɜ).

ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɸ ɩɿɥɶɝɨɸ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɚɛɨ ɦɢɬɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ, ɚɛɨ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɜ ɦɟɧɲɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜ. ɉɿɞɫɬɚɜɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ

ɉɈȾȺɌɄɈȼȿ ɉɊȺȼɈ	23

ɩɿɥɶɝ ɽ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ, ɜɢɞ ʀɯ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɨɛ’ɽɤɬ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɚ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɢɦɢ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ.

ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɩɿɥɶɝɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ:

ɚ) ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɡɧɢɠɤɢ) ɳɨ ɡɦɟɧɲɭɽ ɛɚɡɭ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɭ;

ɛ) ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɭ;

ɜ) ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɨʀ ɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɭ; ɝ) ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɭ.

ɋɬɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ,

ɳɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨ- ɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɿ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ, ɿ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɦ ɞɧɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ, ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɬɚɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɱɢ ɡɛɿɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɩɥɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ. ɉɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɱɢ ɡɛɿɪ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɛɭɜ ɫɩɥɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ, ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɩɥɚɱɟɧɢɦ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɨ. Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɢɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ, ɭ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɝɟɧɬɚ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɸ ɞɚɬɨɸ.

ɋɬɪɨɤ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɭ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɤɚɦɢ, ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɚɦɢ, ɦɿɫɹɰɹɦɢ, ɞɟɤɚɞɚɦɢ, ɬɢɠɧɹɦɢ, ɞɧɹɦɢ, ɚɛɨ ɜɤɚɡɿɜɤɨɸ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɿɸ, ɳɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɬɢ ɚɛɨ ɜɿɞɛɭɬɢɫɹ.

ɋɬɪɨɤ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ. Ɂɦɿɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ, ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ, ɚɛɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɱɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɭ ɡɚɛɨɪɨɧɹɽɬɶɫɹ.

ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɨɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɨɦ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɱɚɫɭ, ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɿɜ. ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɬɢɫɹ ɡ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɡɜɿɬɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɿɜ. Ȼɚɡɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ (ɡɜɿɬɧɢɣ) ɩɟɪɿɨɞ — ɰɟ ɩɟɪɿ-

ɨɞ, ɡɚ ɹɤɢɣ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ, ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿʀ (ɡɜɿɬɢ, ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ) ɬɚ ɫɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ ɫɭɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɿɜ,

24	Ɉ. Ɇ. Ȼɚɧɞɭɪɤɚ, ȼ. Ⱦ. ɉɨɧɿɤɚɪɨɜ, ɋ. Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɚ

ɤɪɿɦ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɿɜ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɰɢɦ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɨɦ, ɤɨɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɱɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɫɭɦɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ. ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɨɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ: ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɢɣ ɪɿɤ, ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥ, ɦɿɫɹɰɶ ɚɛɨ ɞɟɧɶ.

ɋɩɥɚɬɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɜ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɿɣ ɚɛɨ ɜ ɛɟɡɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ.

ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɢɬɢ, ɡɚɞɟɤɥɚɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɚ/ɚɛɨ ɫɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ ɫɭɦɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɭ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɿ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɨɦ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɦɢɬɧɨʀ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ. ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹ- ɡɨɤ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɭ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɠɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɦ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɨɦ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ, ɡ ɹɤɢɦɢ ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɨ- ɜ’ɹɡɭɽ ɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ. ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɽ ɛɟɡɭɦɨɜɧɢɦ ɿ ɩɟɪɲɨɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ. ȼɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɭ — ɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɫɭɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦɫɬɪɨɤ.

Ɂɚ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɧɧɹ ɜɫɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ: ɩɪɹɦɿ ɬɚ ɧɟɩɪɹɦɿ.

ɉɪɹɦɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ — ɰɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ, ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɹɤɢɯ ɽ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɱɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɱ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ. ɉɪɹɦɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ ɫɩɪɢɹɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɹɝɚɪɹ, ɩɪɢ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɿ ɜɧɟɫɤɢ ɞɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɬɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɤɨɬɪɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɳɢɣ ɦɚɣɧɨɜɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɚɛɨ ɜɢɳɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ. Ⱦɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɹɬɶɫɹ: ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɨɤ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɢ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ, ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɭɯɨɦɟ ɦɚɣɧɨ ɬɚ ɿɧ.

ɇɟɩɪɹɦɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ — ɰɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɫɩɥɚɱɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɥɚɬ, ɿ ɜɨɧɢ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɜ ɰɿɧɿ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ (ɪɨɛɿɬ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝ), ɹɤɿ ɽ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɨɦ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ ɽ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ (ɩɨɫɥɭɝ), ɧɚ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɚɞɛɚɜɤɭ ɞɨ ɰɿɧɢ. Ⱥ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ (ɧɚɞɛɚɜɤɢ ɞɨ ɰɿɧɢ) ɧɚ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ

ɉɈȾȺɌɄɈȼȿ ɉɊȺȼɈ	25

(ɩɨɫɥɭɝ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɟɩɪɹɦɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɽ ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɨɞɚɧɭ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɚɤɰɢɡɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ.

Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɹ ɿ ɡɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ (ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ) ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ:

ɚ) ɬɚɤɿ, ɳɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ (ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɨɤ ɬɚ ɿɧ.);

ɛ) ɬɚɤɿ, ɳɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɨ-

ɞɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɢ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ); ɜ) ɡɦɿɲɚɧɿ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɹɤ ɸɪɢɞɢ-

ɱɧɢɯ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ (ɡɛɿɪ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɲɭ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ, ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɡɟɦɥɸ).

Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɿ ɩɨ-

ɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ:

ɚ) ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɿ, ɹɤɿ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɿ ɰɿɥɤɨɦ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ;

ɛ) ɪɟɝɭɥɸɸɱɿ — ɧɚɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɞɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɿɜ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ ɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɿɹɯ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɭ.

Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ:

ɚ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ (ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɿ) — ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɫɬɹɝɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɤɢ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ (ɳɨɦɿɫɹɱɧɨ, ɳɨɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɶɧɨ);

ɛ) ɪɚɡɨɜɿ, ɳɨ ɫɩɥɚɱɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɿ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɞɿɣ (ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɡ ɦɚɣɧɚ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɫɩɚɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɛɿɪ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɲɭ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ).

ȱɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɣ ɿɧɲɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɽ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɸ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɸ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɜɱɟɧɢɯ ɜɜɚɠɚɽ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɬɹɝɚɪ (ɧɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ), ɹɤɢɣ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɿɜ ɞɨ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ. Ɍɨɛɬɨ ɰɟɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ, ɹɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɿɜ.

ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɭɬɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɜɿɧ ɤɨɥɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ 40—45 %. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɭ ɜɫɶɨɦɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɜɧɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɹ ɞɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ.

26	Ɉ. Ɇ. Ȼɚɧɞɭɪɤɚ, ȼ. Ⱦ. ɉɨɧɿɤɚɪɨɜ, ɋ. Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɚ

?	Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɢ 1

1.1.əɤɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ?

1.2.əɤɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɰɹ ɦɿɠ «ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɦ» ɿ «ɡɛɨɪɨɦ»?

1.3.ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ.

1.4.əɤɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽ ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ?

1.5.ɇɚ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ʉɪɭɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ?

1.6.Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ.

1.7.əɤɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɢ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ?

1.8.ɇɚɡɜɿɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɢ.

1.9.Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ.

1.10.Ɂɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ.

1.11.Ɂɚ ɹɤɢɦɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ?

1.12.ɓɨ ɬɚɤɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɧɚɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ (ɬɹɝɚɪ)?

2. ɉɈȾȺɌɄɈȼȿ ɉɊȺȼɈ ɌȺ ɉɈȾȺɌɄɈȼȱ ɉɊȺȼɈȼȱȾɇɈɋɂɇɂ

ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɽ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɦ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɦ, ɳɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽ ɥɢɲɟ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ, ɳɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɪɭɯɨɦ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɲɬɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɿ ɡɛɨɪɿɜ ɞɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɿɜ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ. ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɽ ɡ ɭɫɿɦɚ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦɢ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ƀɨɝɨ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɩɭɛɥɿɱɧɿɫɬɸ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɿɜ ɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɸɬɶ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɿ ɫɬɹɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɿ ɪɟɝɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ. Ɉɬɠɟ, ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ — ɰɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɿɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ.

ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɣ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɭɤɭ-

ɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɪɦ, ɳɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɸɬɶ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɿɜ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɨɪɿɧ.

ȱɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɽ ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɰɿɥɶɨɜɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɨɜɢɞɭ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɡ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɞɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɿ ɡɛɨɪɿɜ. ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ — ɜɿɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɚ ɡɚɣɦɚɽ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɳɟ ɳɨɞɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɿɜ ɰɿɽʀ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ.

ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɽ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ,

ɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɢɯ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɡɦɿɧɢ ɬɚ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɛɸɞɠɟɬ (ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ, ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɣ) ɜ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɰɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɸ ɪɢɫɨɸ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɽ ʀɯ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɜɢɪɚɠɟ-

28	Ɉ. Ɇ. Ȼɚɧɞɭɪɤɚ, ȼ. Ⱦ. ɉɨɧɿɤɚɪɨɜ, ɋ. Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɚ

ɧɢɣ ɜɥɚɞɧɨ-ɦɚɣɧɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɓɨɞɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɨ ɜɿɧ ɽ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜ ɰɿɥɨɦɭ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɰɟ — ɦɟɬɨɞ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨ-ɜɥɚɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɤɪɿɩɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɚɧɤɰɿʀ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ.

ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɦɚɽ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɧɨɪɦ, ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ. ȱɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɦɟɠɿ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ.

ɋɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɭ, ɳɨ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɽ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɭ ɫɭɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ʀɯ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ. Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɽ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɭ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɿ, ɜɨɧɚ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɿɧɭɽ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɩɨɞɚɬ- ɤɨɜɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨʀ ɧɨɪɦɢ. ɉɨɞɿɛɧɨ ɞɨ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɩɨ- ɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɦɿɫɬɹɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɨɸ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɿ ɫɢɥɨɸ ʀʀ ɩɪɢɦɭɫɭ. Ɂ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɭ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ. Ȳɯ ɡɦɿɫɬɨɦ ɽ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ — ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ, ɹɤɚ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɚ ɡ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɨɦ ɱɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɨɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɨɸ ɜ ʀʀ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ.

Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɡɦɿɫɬɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭɚɥɶɧɿ. ɍ ɫɜɨɸ ɱɟɪɝɭ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɭ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɭɫɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɩɨɞɿɥɹ-

ɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɱɿ, ɡɚɛɨɪɨɧɹɸɱɿ ɬɚ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɭɸɱɿ.

Ɉɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɿɥ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ:

ɚ) ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ; ɛ) ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ;

ɜ) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ.

ȱɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɦɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɡɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɿɜ:

ɉɈȾȺɌɄɈȼȿ ɉɊȺȼɈ	29

—ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɪɿɜɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɳɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɸɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ;

—ɪɿɡɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɽɞɢɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ;

—ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɬɿɣɤɢɦɢ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɚɦɢ.

ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɿ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɫɭɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɭ. Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ (ɳɨ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɫɭɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ), ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭɚɥɶɧɿ (ɳɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɸɬɶ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿʀ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ) ɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɿ (ɳɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨ-

ɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ) ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ.

ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ — ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɹɤɿ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ, ɡɦɿɧɸɸɬɶ ɱɢ ɫɤɚɫɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɿ, ɬɚ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɚɦɢ, ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɿ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɿ ɧɟɫɭɬɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡɿ ɫɩɥɚɬɨɸ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɛɨɪɿɜ ɞɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɿɜ ɿ ɰɿɥɶɨɜɢɯ ɮɨɧɞɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɨɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ. ɐɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɿɫɧɭɸɬɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ʀɯ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ.

ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɚɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɪɢɫɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɬɚɦɚɧɧɿ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɦ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɦ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɚɦ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɥɚɫɧɭ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɭ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɣɝɨɥɨɜɧɿɲɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ, ɭ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɣ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ, ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɜ ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɨɸ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ, ɽ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɬɟ, ɳɨ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɿɡ

ɫɬɨɪɿɧ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ

ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɧɚɣɩɨɜɧɿɲɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ʀɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɨɸ, ɹɤɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɭ:

ɚ) ɰɿɥɶɨɜɿɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɫɬɿ, ɞɟ ɽ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɸɱɢɯ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɿ ɡɛɨɪɿɜ;

ɛ) ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɫɬɿ, ɞɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɧɨɪɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɸɬɶ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ, ɳɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɿɠ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ;

30	Ɉ. Ɇ. Ȼɚɧɞɭɪɤɚ, ȼ. Ⱦ. ɉɨɧɿɤɚɪɨɜ, ɋ. Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɚ

ɜ) ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ʀɯ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɭɫɨɦ; ɝ) ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ.

Ɉɛ’ɽɤɬɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɚɯ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɛɥɚɝɚ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ, ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɫɬɹɝɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɿ ɤɨɲɬɢ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɿɜ. ɍ ɜɭɠɱɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ — ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɽ ɞɨɯɨɞɢ (ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɢ), ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ, ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɰɿɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɩɟɪɚɦɢ, ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɦɚɣɧɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɦɚɣɧɚ, ɞɨɞɚɧɚ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɪɨɛɿɬ ɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢ. Ɉɬɠɟ, ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɽ ɜɫɟ ɬɟ, ɡ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɭ ɱɨɝɨ ɦɿɠ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɢɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ.

ɋɭɛ’ɽɤɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɭɞɶ-

ɹɤɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ, ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɚ ɹɤɨʀ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɹɤɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ, ɧɨɫɿɽɦ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɬɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ. ɋɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɧɿɫɬɶ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ.

ȼɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ: ɞɟɪɠɚɜɭ (ɜ ɨɫɨɛɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɚɤɬɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ), ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɬɚ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɞɚ-

ɬɤɿɜ. Ⱦɟɹɤɿ ɜɱɟɧɿ ɞɨ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɿ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨ-ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɿ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɿ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɞɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɿɜ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ.

ȼɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɡ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɭ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ:

—ɦɿɠ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɨɸ ɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ — ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɨɛɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ;

—ɦɿɠ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɨɸ ɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ

—ɳɨɞɨ ɪɨɡɦɟɠɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿʀ ɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚɦɢ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɨʀ ɞɨɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ;