Valiant resistance / opposition героическое сопротивление

15. the resistance | the Resistance [singular] an organization that secretly fights against an enemy that controls their country Сопротивление, движение Сопротивления: Mitterand was in the French Resistance during the war. | They managed to escape after being arrested by the resistance.

16. retaliation [uncountable] action against someone who has done something bad to you ответный удар, контрудар; меры возмездия

retaliation against sb / sth: the threat of massive retaliation against British troops | There is always the risk of possible retaliation against peacekeeping soldiers.

in retaliation (for sth): The President ordered the bombings in retaliation for the attack. | The bomb attack was in retaliation for the recent arrest of two well-known terrorists. | The car bombings were apparently in retaliation for the arrest of the terrorists.

massive retaliation массированный ответный удар / контрудар: Dulles called the policy massive retaliation. | Dulles used massive retaliation as the chief instrument of containment. | The alternative is massive retaliation by missiles aimed at the enemy's cities.

act of retaliation акт возмездия

17. breakthrough [countable] the act of getting past or through something that is in your way прорыв: to make a breakthrough

breakthrough charge атака с целью прорыва

18. siege [uncountable; countable] a military operation during which an army or the police surround a place and try to gain control of it or force someone to come out of it осада; блокада: The siege lasted almost four months. | The book is not an exhaustive account of all the sieges of the war. | They are hopeful of bringing the siege to a peaceful conclusion. | The siege is now in its eighteenth day.

at / during a siege во время осады: He was killed at / during the siege of Leningrad.

to lay siege to sb /sth to start a siege in a place начинать осаду: King Henry laid siege to the castle in 1275. | The soldiers laid siege to the city. | He laid siege to the fortress and gradually weakened it to the point of collapse.

(to be) under siege to be surrounded by an army in a siege (находиться) в осаде: Malta was under siege in World War II. | The castle was under siege for months.

to lift / raise / end the (state of) siege (of sth) снимать осаду / блокаду: The king lifted the siege two months later. | We must do everything possible to lift the siege. | Military sources stated that lifting the state of siege would not affect the fight against internal subversion. | Meanwhile Cambridge and March were ordered to raise the siege of Quimperlè and return home at once.

to withstand a siege выдерживать осаду: The troops prepared to withstand a long siege.

a siege begins / ends: The siege began on Sunday, when the prisoners seized three wardens. | Before the siege ended, the citizens were almost starving.

to break a siege to cause a siege to end прорывать блокаду: An attempt was made to break the 38-month siege of Sarajevo.

19. blockade [countable – usually singular] the surrounding of an area by soldiers or ships to stop people or supplies leaving or entering блокада: an air / sea / naval blockade | the economic blockade of Lithuania | Getting food supplies through the blockade is almost impossible. | The economic blockade is accompanied by terror tactics. | There's been talk of a retaliatory blockade to prevent supplies getting through.

to impose / mount a blockade (on sth) | to put a place under a blockade устанавливать блокаду: They've imposed an economic blockade on the country. | An economic blockade was imposed on the country six months ago. | Parisian taxi drivers are threatening to mount a blockade to turn the screw on the government.

to maintain a blockade поддерживать блокаду: Some left after only a fortnight and, as time went by, it became increasingly hard to maintain the blockade.

to lift the blockade (of sth) снимать блокаду: Moreover it began to free captured troops on July 5 and to lift blockades. | The blockade of the harbour will be lifted at midnight.

to enforce a blockade осуществлять блокаду: It's not yet clear who will actually enforce the blockade.

to break (through) / run a blockade to evade and get through the forces that are surrounding the place прорывать блокаду

to order a blockade (of sth) приказывать установить блокаду: Lincoln, in turn, ordered a blockade of Southern ports. | After demanding the weapons be removed, President John F. Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of the island.

20. withdrawal | pull-out | pullout | pullback [uncountable; countable] the act of moving an army, weapons etc away from the area where they were fighting вывод / отвод / отход / отступление войск: an orderly / precipitate / tactical / strategic / unilateral withdrawal

withdrawal / pull-out / pullback (of sb): a pullback of troops from the occupied territories | The commander-in-chief was given 36 hours to secure a withdrawal of his troops from the combat zone. | Both countries agree on the need for a phased withdrawal of American forces from the Philippines. | The pull-out was planned to spread over a month. | The pull-out of troops will begin after the treaty is signed. | The pull-out of the army paves the way for independence.

(troop) withdrawal (from / to a particular place): a withdrawal from an area / to an area | allied troop withdrawal from the north of the country | the Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan | Troop withdrawals will take place immediately. | Soviet troop withdrawals began on 15 May and were completed on schedule on 15 February 1989.

pull-out / pullback (from a particular place): a pull-out from the occupied territories | a pullback of troops from the occupied territories

partial // complete / full // full-scale withdrawal / pull-out / pullback частичный // полный // полномасштабный вывод / отвод войск: Partial troop withdrawals from Algiers began on July 4. | He is reported to be negotiating the complete withdrawal of the 1,500 Soviet military advisers. | But a complete withdrawal could trigger a new outbreak of fighting. | He replied that the UN had passed two major resolutions calling for a complete withdrawal. | Nearly half of those polled also said they would support a referendum on peace that required a full withdrawal from the Golan. | The loss of one vehicle and the leading tank's offensive capability was not enough to cause a full-scale withdrawal.

to make / carry out / implement a withdrawal / pull-out / pullback осуществлять вывод / отвод войск: The security forces made a tactical withdrawal from the area. | The government is planning to implement a second pullback from the area.

to complete a withdrawal / pull-out / pullback завершать вывод/ отвод войск

21. defensive (adjective) [only before noun] used or intended to protect someone or something from attack оборонительный; оборонный; защитный: These are purely defensive weapons, not designed for attack. | According to the report, only defensive weapons had been supplied to Iran. | The rockets are a purely defensive measure against nuclear attack. | The prince drew up his forces in a strong defensive position. | Police officers claimed that their actions during the riots were purely defensive. | Some past and current government officials say the program was intended for defensive purposes only. | He would scrap the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and permit defensive systems to guard against accidental firings or small-scale attacks by outlaw nations. | But each also has the capability of being built into defensive weapons systems.

defensive war / warfare оборонительные военные действия

22. retaliatory (adjective) [usually before noun] (formal) done against someone because they have harmed you ответный: a retaliatory attack / raid | retaliatory measures | Within twelve hours a retaliatory raid began. | In fact, no retaliatory action was taken. | There's been talk of a retaliatory blockade to prevent supplies getting through.