Etymological Doublets
Sometimes a word is borrowed twice into English. It has different forms and meanings in English. We have two separate words with the different spellings and meanings but historically they come back to one and the same word: catch and chase, goal and jail, quiet and quite.
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Such words are called etymological doublets. These are words of the same etymological root but which came into the language by different ways:
(1) One of the doublets is native, the other is borrowed:
screw (n) Scandinavian — shrew (n) English.
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Both doublets may be borrowed from different languages, but these languages must be co-generic: captain (Latin) — chieftain (French); senior (Latin) — sir (French); canal (Latin) — channel (French).
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Etymological doublets maybe borrowed from the same language but in different historical periods, one word earlier, the second later: travel (Norman borrowing) — travail (Parisian borrowing); corpse (Norman borrowing) — corps (Parisian borrowing); a triple: hospital (Latin) — hostel (Norman French) — hotel (Parisian French).
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Both doublets are native, but one originates from the other: history — story; phantasy —fancy; defence —fence, shadow — shade.
Etymological doublets are typical of English.
International Words
International words are defined as "words of identical origin that occur in several languages as a result of simultaneous or successive borrowings from one ultimate source" (I.V. Arnold, p. 260).
International words reflect the history of world culture, they convey notions which are significant in communication. New inventions, political institutions, foodstuffs, leisure activities, science, technological advances have all generated new lexemes and continue to do so: sputnik, television, antenna, bionics, gene, cybernetics, bungalow, anaconda, coffee, chocolate, grapefruit, etc.
The English language contributed a considerable number international words to world languages, e.g. sport terms: football, cricket, golf. International words are mainly borrowings.
KEY TERMS:
origin the beginning or cause of something,
native conferred by birth; derived from origin; born with one; inherent; inborn; not acquired,
borrowing (loan word) appropriation (of ideas or words etc) from another source ,
assimilation taking in, fitting into, or becoming similar (to),
hybrid a word that is composed of parts from different languages (e.g., `monolingual' has a Greek prefix and a Latin root),
etymological doublet .
Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. – М.: Дрофа, 1999 – стр. 44-55; 62-71.
Дубенец Э.М. Modern English Lexicology. Theory and Practice. – М. Глосса-Пресс, 2002 – стр. 98-121.
Елисеева В.В. Лексикология английского языка.