Яницкая Л. К. Английский в дипломатии и политике. Часть 1 (I)

Exercise 51
Write a	composition		(an	essay)	of	about	200	words	on	the	following
topic:
CiWlien the		general		atmosphere		in a	community		is	bad,	language
must	suffer."
Remember	that	when	writing a		composition			(essay)

1) there must be a short Introduction (three or four sentences) introducing the subject you are going to discuss.

2)there must be a Body (the main part), in which you develop the introduced point(s) and which may be divided into paragraphs.

3)Ihere must be a short Conclusion in which you sum up the poinl(s) introduced but in other words than in the Introduction.

4)all the three parts must be logically linked to each other by

connective words like "but, however, on the one hand ... f on the other hand ..., in addition to.., apart from, nevertheless, in conclusion, etc."

5)the ideas expressed must be clear, logical and precise.

6)you are not expected to be personal

7)do not use contractions like "don't or can't".

Additional	r e a d i n g
Eierdse 52
Haul the text and do the tasks thai	follow*

T h e Secret Language. Body Code .

Talk is every modern man's remedy for every problem, his tool of communication in every situation. He 'gets around the table' with al-

lies	and enemies	"to	negotiate', he		'chats	up" his date,	he	'shoots a
line'	to colleagues,	*	gives	his story'	to the	media and "has	it	out with
his	wife'. Modern	man, m		fact, is	a talkative animal, and if you ask
him	how he talks,	he laughs instead. He				knows we all	talk, chatter.

gossip, lecture and speak out	most of the time - and yet for all that,
the majority of our 'talking'	is done without speaking.

Running along with our spoken words is a secret and mostly silent language which illustrates, fills out and annotates what we say. Some

of it is not at	all difficult to understand. We smile, nod, wink, wave, lift
an eyebrow,	frown, shake hands, drum our fingers and tap our feet

many times a week, using a silent shorthand of communication, which is easily interpreted: 'Hullo/ we smile; 'OK,' we nod; a wink, 'she

did?"; a frown, 'clear off; a handshake, 'good to meet you'; tap-tap.

Тш bored or impatient'. We all make and translate dozens of such simple gestures each day, giving and reading them correctly within the context of our speech and actions. After all, there is nothing to a gesture. It delivers a message, but hardly of deep meaning or significance. Yet take a hundred -or a thousand - insignificant gestures together, and you find an invaluable, and infinitely variable, tool of communication.

Anyone fretting over the latest international crisis knows that a diplomatic gesture can be safely ignored as a passing matter, whereas if his country adopts a posture in a disputed issue, this could be much more serious. This difference in meaning that we accept in the newspapers, applies also to the silent body language Gesture is confined to a small part of the body, a shake or shrug of the shoulders, curl of the lips, furrowing of the brow, whereas adopting a posture requires every part of the body to be involved in tension.

Silence speaks louder than words. We all acknowledge thifl f i<>111 time to time when our emotions rise to a certain level of intensity 'Words failed me', we say when we describe incoherence of angei, shock or passion. It is when expression is most important to us thai we find words most inadequate. You can say 'I love you', or M hate you1, quite coolly ay a low level of emotion, but if you swept off your feet, or black with fury you will find it either impossible or unnecessary to say anything at all. Your message will come across loud and clear without words.

A researcher found that at an informal meeting only 7 per cent of the understanding reached derived from the actual words spoken. The new understanding transmitted at the meeting came 38 per cent from their intonation, and 55 per cent from the body movements

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accompanying them. On average, you can probably assume that about 40 per cent of the information you obtain about others is read from their body movements. Words m many situations are heavily discounted.

(torn Body Cock by Warren Lamb)

Tasks to the text:

1. Bring out the difference in meaning or a r e a of usage between words in the following groups

a	talk, speak, chatter, gossip, lecture; b. gesture, posture;
C.	discount, ignore.

2. Pick out the facial expressions and gestures mentioned in the text and say w h a t they m e a n .

3. M a t c h the colours with the feelings and emotions with which

- they are usually associated.
black	anger
blue	cowardice
crimson	despair
grey	embarrassment
gram	envy
purple	fear
red	hopelessness
while	jealousy
yellow	rage
	sadness
	shame

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G R A M M A R S U P P L E M E N T
	T H E I N F I N I T I V E
	FORMS
i	Active	Passive
| Indefinite (simple)
! refers to the present or

jfuture

Perfect

refers to a prior activity Continuous

refers the activity to the
[ moment of speech
Perfect Continuous
refers to a prior activity
that has/had been lasting		to have been doing
I for or since some time
		FUNCTIONS
1.	subject	To read is useful Читать/ ЧП НИ! ПО
		лезно,
2.	predicate	Our aim is to matter English Hum
		цель- выучить английский наш
		The results were to b| sec-n latei	iv
		зультаты предстояло у ни дел, ПОЗЖв,
3.	object	Не wants to be free. - Он хочет быть
		свободным.
4.	attribute	The problem to be solved is simple. -
		Задача, которую надо решить - простая.
		Не is the last / the first to do it. -	Он
		первым / последним сделал это.
5.	modifier	They met to have lunch together. -
		Они встретились, чтобы вместе пообедать.
		I am too tired to help you. - Я слишком
		устал, чтобы помогать тебе.	_

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Be careful not to use ' t o ' before the Infinitive forms following certain words :

i. auxiliary and modal verbs: do /does/ did ; must; can / could;; may / might; will / shall; would / should; n e e d n ' t

e.g. Why did you go to the stadium? You needn't have done it. You might have stayed at home and watched the game on TV.

2., verbs of physical perception in the active form: see, watch, notice», observe^ h e a n feel

V,g, I have never heard him speak English,

Hut in the passive.

	He has never been heard to sing.
3.	the verbs: make , have, let, d a r e
e.g.	Have / make him do the work quickly, carefully and independently.
	Let everybody contribute to the discussion.
	How did you dare argue with him?
	Nobody made you speak. Why did you?
But in the passive:
	He was made to speak.
	lie was made tji understand that he had better keep silent.
Note: the verbs 'have', dare ' are not used on this pattern.
*	///<' word combinations:	would r a t h e r / sooner do «.» (than).,
	had better do	..., W h y (not) do . . . ? 7 cannot but do ..,
e.g.	/ Y/ rather speak to you in private, = Гdprefer to speak to you.
	He 'd sooner die than apologize.
	You Ul better take an umbrella. It may rain.
	Why not put the discussion off till tomorrow?
	He couldn't hut admit his guilt.

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The to-Infinitive is used :

appear	challenge	instruct	refuse
afford	convince	learn	remind
agree	decide	manage	seem
arrange	demand	mean	struggle
advise	deserve	need	swear
allow	expect	order	tell
ask	encourage	offer	teach
begin	fail	plan	threaten
be	forbid	prepare	wait
claim	force	pretend	want
choose	hesitate	promise	warn
cease	hope	permit	wish
cause	invite	persuade	urge

2.after adjectives without prepositions e.g. This plan is impossible to effect.

He is lucky to have acquired such experience.

3.after too + adjective and adjective + enough e.g. Chinese is too difficult to learn quickly.

Many people believe that English is easy enough to learn.

4. in introductory	Infinitive phrases
to tell the truth	- по правде говоря

to sum up - короче говоря; подводя итог сказанному to conclude - в заключении

to make a long story short - короче говоря to make things worse - хуже того

to say nothing of... / not to mention ... - не говоря уже о ...

to say the least - по меньшей мере, если не сказать большего to put it mildly - мягко выражаясь

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Exercise S3
Complete		the	sentences choosing					a	suitable	Infinitive phrase from
the	list	below.
how	to phrase,		how	to keep,		which		to choose, where to put, what to
say,	when to		come,	whether		to stay		here	or go	back
1.	He asked his mother							back.

2.There were a lot of books on the shelves. We didn't know _______

3.We were not sure

4.

[ didn't know

the baby warm.

5

I was helping her to put away the clean linen. She was telling me

it.

6.

I le did not know

his faith in h e r

7.

I'm so bewildered, I don't know __

.

Exercise 54

Use

the Introductory

Infinitive phrases according to the

sense.

1.

He contributed to the bankruptcy of the

firm,

.

2-

, the two parties came to terms at last.

3.

I am not quite satisfied with the terms of the agreement,

__.

4., he did not only lose all his money but also all his property.

5., mastering a foreign language is hard work.

6	Thai	man speaks most European languages,				English.
7	I le is not		the most considerate son,
Exercise		55
Translate		the	sentences containing the Indefinite			Infinitive in vari-
ous	functions.

1. One had to learn English to join the twentieth century.

2.In many countries English is the top priority foreign language to be learned at school.

3.Modern English is the primary international language used in diplomacy though it used to be French.

4.The spread of the English language makes the spread of wildfire look slow.

5.The implication of the events was to be understood later.

6.One's gains and losses are not always to be measured in terms of money.

7.When Julius Caesar, later to be Roman Emperor, invaded Britain, the Celtic tribes lived in the British Isles.

8.The most famous person to write in English in the period of 'Renaissance' in Europe was William Shakespeare.

9.To hear him talk is an education in itself

10.The desire to write was dominant in Martin.

11.She returned to her motherland never to leave it again.

12.Byron wrote: "I awoke one morning to find myself famous".

13. If the reform was to come at all, it could come only from the top.

14.There was much to be said for the idea.

15.A blind man would be glad to see. (proverb)

16.All truths are not to be told, (proverb)

Exercise 56

Put the	verbs	in the brackets in the active or passive Indefinite In-
finitive	fornt

1.He is too young (judge).

2.Fve known quite anumber of foreigners who (nod hard (acquire) an Oxford accent.

3.Did you see him (come) to work? He can't (find) any when

4.You will never hear an Englishman (complain) to a Strangei

5.Citizens must (make) (respect) laws.

6.Why not (sum) up the idea?

7.With the Romans gone, Britain began (invade) from all sides.

8."Blessed is he who expects nothing, for he shall never (disappoint)".

9.Children should (see) and not (hear).

10.It is better (give) than (give).

11.Why (invent) a common language?

12.The decision made is never too late (change).

13.Don't (judge), and you won't (judge).

14.Men are not (measure) with inches.

15.What is done cannot (undo)

16.I like (read) but I still like (read), especially plays.

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17.What's happened here? I want (tell) the truth.

18.The child was brave enough (praise).

19.You taught me languages; and my profit on it is I know how (curse).

20.The English would rather not (let) anyone (see) their feelings.

21. You had better not (involve) in anything like that

22.What makes some people (accept) what is against their principles?

23. I had him (accept) my offer.

24.He would rather (die) than (tell) a lie.

25.I could watch many hands (raise) for the proposal,

26.I am sure that you will never (make) (betray) your friend.

27.You should (keep) your remarks to yourself Nobody likes (make) fun of.

28.King Henry I was made (ask) the pope's forgiveness and also allowed himself (whip) by the monks.

29.It is better (prevent) a misfortune from happening rather than (look) for a remedy sifter it has happened.

30.The visitors said that it made them (feel) good that they were welcomed in such a manner.

Exercise	57
Translate	the sentences into English.	Use active or passive Indefinite
Infinitive	forms.

I Он хочет внести свой вклад в это дело.

2.Я рад, что меня понимают.

3.Не обязательно говорить всю правду.

4.Не заставляйте меня учиться, как пользоваться компьютером. Я слишком стар, чтобы запомнить, какую клавишу нажать.

5.Не думаю, что меня пригласят.

6.Чтобы работать эффективно^ электронным средствам массовой информации нужен общий стандарт.

7.Зачем все упрощать?

8.Ты достаточно взрослый, чтобы понимать такие вещи.

9.Раньше языком дипломатического общения был французский.

10. "Кто рожден быть повешенным, не утонет".

Exercise 58

Translate the sentences containing the Continuous Infinitive.

1.Our group will be writing a test from 2 to 4 p.m. tomorrow.

2.He is lucky to be traveling in the South when we are having such cold weather here.

3.We know her to be enjoying herself at the party now.

4.He claims to be learning the language of the country.

5.I expect you to be listening to me instead of writing something.

6.He pretended to be weighing the chances in his mind.

7.The population tends to be growing every year.

Exercise 59

Put the verbs in the brackets in the Indefinite or Continuous Infinitive forms (to do/to be doing),

L What is he doing? I expect him (do) his homework and not (watch) television.

2.We needn't (walk). I know the lift (work) today.

3.At the time the population seemed (grow) too fast

4.In the 16th century France still appeared (dominate) <>n in-

continent

5.I am sure they are happy (stay) at this luxurious hotel.

6.The monarchy appeared (be) strong and (grow) stronger at homo and abroad.

7.The man pretended (not notice) me but (look) at somebody else.

8.I am sony that I have (keep) you waiting

9.-1 wonder what he can (do) now? - He may (enjoy) himself or he might (work) hard.

10.The prices tend (rise) faster this year.

11.My intention is (see) him immediately and (find) out the truth.

12.The technology will certainly (develop) quickly in the near future.

13.When I entered she pretended (look) for something on the floor.

14.At last we could (relax). It was so pleasant (to lie) after a tiring journey.

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Exercise 60

Translate the sentences using either the Indefinite or Continuous

Infinitive forms.

1.Было бы лучше учить разговорный язык с носителями языка.

2.Ему везет, что он сейчас отдыхает на юге.

3.Он притворился, что читает и не слушает меня.

4.Я бы предпочел пойти туда позже.

5.Она встречается с ним завтра утром.

6.Мне жаль, что задерживаю вас.

7.Я рад, что доставляю вам удовольствие.

<Х. Он будет читать лекцию завтра утром с 10 до 12.

() 11е звони мне вечером, я буду заниматься английским. 10. Я гак рад разговаривать с вами на своем родном языке. 1 I Так хорошо сидеть здесь с вами и беседовать.

12.В такую жару я бы предпочел сейчас лежать на пляже, а не сидеть на уроке.

13.Он притворился, что читает и не слышит, что ему говорят.

14.Интересно, чем я буду заниматься в это время через год?

Exercise 61

Translate the sentences containing the Perfect Infinitive.

1.11 is considerate of you to have taken care of the old man.

2.I am glad to have met you.

I I am sorry to have given you so much trouble.

4, She said she would like to have lived'in the 18th century. I would have liked to see his face when he heard it.

6 I meant to have reminded you of it earlier.

7.You should have spared his feelings.

8.According to the schedule the plane was to have landed long ago.

9.You ought to have remembered у от mother's birthday.

10.The terms should have been accepted long ago.

11.The plan will have been effected by the end. of the year.

12.She is happy to have been offered this job.

Exercise 62

Put the verbs in the brackets

it in the active Indefinite or Perfect form - to do / to have done.

1.One should (look) ahead and (hope) for the best.

2.You should (look) where you were going.

3.I am glad (give) you that chance.

4.You needn't (walk) upstairs, the lift is working.

5.He is lucky (see) the country and (have) a chance of practicing the language.

6.It is so considerate of you (reserve) a hotel room well in advance.

7.England is the first country (try and execute) the king.

8.Saxon kings helped the Church (grow).

9.I am sony not (warn) you in advance.

10.The government had (accept) the terms of the Trade Union.

11.By the end of the year you will (acquire) the necessary skills.

12.You might (wait) for me. Why didn't you?

13.He needn't (tell) us that it was not his fault. We were sure of it.

14.Why (interrupt) the speaker?

15.We shall (finish) the work by the tune you come back

Ьь in the active or passive Indefinite or Perfect form - to do to hi' done /have done / to have been done.

1.You should (make) your report long ago. Why didn't you make it?

2.The report should (make) long ago. Why wasn't it made1'

3.The problem is (solve) by this time. Why hasn't it been solved?

4.I am happy (introduce) to him at last at the concert.

5.I am glad (meet) you and hope (see) again soon.

6.Hie text needn't (translate) to the end, the students were only asked (translate) the first paragraph.

7.Jane is happy (grant) a scholarship last month.

8.We were (meet) at 9 o'clock, but he never came.

9.I remember us (take) for husband and wife.

10.I am glad (give) that chance.

11.We were displeased (arouse) by the noise at midnight.

12.The contract will (sign) by the end of the week.

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13.I was happy (introduce) to the famous writer.

14.The translation needrTt (do) in writing, do it now out loud.

15.Fd rather not (accept) the terms of the agreement then.

16.I am really sorry (make) an impression that I didn't like the play.

17.He is lucky (to invite) to yesterday's party.

18.I would rather not (go) there alone.

19.The work should (do) long ago.

20.You should (do) his wrork when I asked you to do it.

21.The company should (effect) this idea last year.

22.The (ask needn't (simplify).

Exercise 63

Translate the sentences. Use the Infinitive forms.

1.Он не знал, что делать и к кому обратиться за помощью.

2.Он не знает? что ему надо было делать и к кому обращаться.

3.Я рад (был) содействовать вашем)/ продвижению.

4.Объявление должно (было) быть сделано громко и четко.

5.Яяе хотел бы жить в Средние века.

6.Вам лучше найти с ним общий язык.

7.К концу обучения вы приобретете необходимые знания.

8.Решение несомненно будет принято к концу недели.

(> Почему бы не внести свой вклад в общее дело?

I о I [е было необходимости ехать в Англию, чтобы выучить грамматику английского языка.

Exercise 64

У ran slate the sentences containing the Infinitive in the Perfect Continnoiis form.

1.He is fortunate to have been traveling for a whole month.

2.We know the committee to have been considering the project for several months already.

3.I believe him to have been learning English since childhood.

4.He is sorry to have been looking for the information so long.

5.It is so considerate of you to have been looking after my cat all this time.

6.I hate to have been keeping you all this time.

7.She pretended to have been waiting for me all these months.

8.The examination appears to have been lasting for two hours.

9.This year he will have been learning English for ten years.

10.How long will you have been living in Moscow this year?

Exercise 65

Use the verbs in the brackets in a Perfect Infinitive form.

1.You shouldn't (lose) your temper in the argument.

2.We needn't (leave) so early. Nobody expected us to do it.

3.The director expects them (consider) the problem by now.

4.They believe him (consider) the problem for two hours now.

5.We expect the committee (revise) the programme by now.

6.All of us think the committee (revise) the programme too long.

7.I am sorry (argue) with you at the meeting. You were right.

8.I am sony (argue) with you so long. You are right.

9.He is happy (stay) at his grandmothers for the whole summer.

10.They appear (discuss) the issue for two weeks already, while they were (take) a decision by last Friday.

11.The committee seems (consider) his nomination for an hour

12.I expect the discussion (finish) by now.

13.Do you know this writer (start) his career as a doctor?

14.Nobody believes you (tell) the truth.

15.The MPs will (consider) the bill for a month already.

Exercise 66

Put the verbs in the brackets in the required Infinitive form.

1.The English claim (be) the first in Europe (try and execute) the king.

2.They talked in a whisper not a. (wake) up the sleeping children.

b.(hear).

3.The boys were too frightened a. (speak); b. (punish).

4.He liked (see) in public.

5.He hated (bother) with trifling matters when he had many important questions (decide).

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6.This burning question is (decide) very quickly.

7.Is there anything else (tell) him the news? I believe he deserves (know) how the matter stands and (tell) all about it.

8.All questions are (ask) later

9.In many countries of the British Commoinvealth British English continues (accept) for official or semi-official purposes.

10.The people who used (reject) Latin began (use) it in speech.

11.The roads the Romans had built in England continued (build) after they left.

12.Few individual families could (afford) (keep) a team of oxen

(быков), and these had (share) on a cooperative basis.

13.King Henry I made all the nobles (promise) (accept) his wife Matilda when he died.

14.Usually the church preferred (support) the king against the nobles, but expected (reward) for its support.

15.Some kings and popes wanted (increase) their authority. In such circumstances trouble could not (avoid)

16.Since the rules of feudalism did not include taxation, taxes could only (raise) with the agreement of those wealthy enough (tax).

17.King Edward made one of his Scottish knights (provide) money and troops for the English army.

18.Some Scottish nobles accepted Edward, but the people refused (rule) by the English king.

1() Л romance cannot (found) on lies.

20.There is no reason why a girl should not (offer) (pay) her share when invited out by a boy.

21.The topic sentence should not (express) in too general terms. Ideally it should (attract) the reader's attention and make him (want) (read) on.

22.Since the Egyptians had no printing press, all their books had (write) by hand.

23.Shall we make a break? - I'd rather (continue) (work).

24.I wonder what he earns and how much he can (afford) (spend).

25.Many people could not (choose) what work they would (do), but the economic necessity made them (take) the first job that came their way.

26.A man might (find) it hard (refuse) a lady's invitation even if he wished (do) so.

27.Shaw and Ruskin argued that the dirtiest or most unpleasant work should (pay) for at the highest rates.

28.The king decided (make) the Vikings (stay) away by paying them.

29.The vast territories were conquered by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes (divide) into numerous small kingdoms later.

30.He that is bom (hang) shall never (drown).

Exercise 67

Translate the sentences into English using the Infinitive in various forms and functions.

1.Нельзя заставить любить.

2.Зачем изобретать общий язык?

3.Я бы предпочел с ним не общаться.

4.Что может заставить наших оппонентов пойти на уступки?

5.Иностранный язык лучше всего начинать изучать с детства.

6.Можно выиграть время, если полететь самолетом, (passive)

7.Мы предполагаем, что наши условия были приняты.

8.К концу года он будет учить английский уже пять лет

9.Все видели, как он победил в состязании.

10.Никто не ожидал, что задание будет каким г рудным

11.Хотелось бы, чтобы вы заставили его работать усерднее

12.Средствам массовой информации нужен общий стандарт, чтобы работать эффективно.

13.Он заговорил первым.

14.От него меньше всего можно было этого ожидать.

15.Я бы не хотел, чтобы вы приобретали опыт такого рода.

16.Английский язык нелегко выучить хорошо,

17.По правде говоря, это не те условия, которые можно принять с легкостью.

18.Этим ничего не добьешься.

19.Такое приобретение, как автомобиль, трудно скрыть.

20.Смысл сделанного заявления еще предстоит понять.

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INFINITIVE COMPLEXES

f. Complex Object	~f~ И. Complex Subject	1	ill. For - Complex	J

¥ -f noun / pm + (to) Infinitive

No 'to' after:

1. see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel

Nobody saw me leave.

2 make, have, let, dare

You should make him come.

ToInfinitive after want, expect, think, believe, consider, suppose, assume, etc.

NI prn + active / passive verb + to Inf.

g/prn + passive verb + to

1.He was seen to leave.

2.He was made to come.

3.This (ask is considered (not) to he/to have been complicated*

jFor + noun/pm •+• to Inf.

He spoke in a high voice for everybody to hear him.

It is all very well for you to laugh.

This question is for him to decide.

He suggested an idea for the problem to be solved quickly.

He considers the problem to be very complicated.

n/pm + active v»+ to Inf*

1 (don't ) seem / appear

He seems / appears to have bee*a learning English long.

2. Mm *>M /...P rove (followed by cto be')

The task turned out / proved to be difficult

3. happen

Do you happen to know her name?

be -f sure / certain / likely + to-Inf.

He is sure/certain/ likely to come late.

I- The Complex Object construction (revision) is built on the pattern

Noun /pronoun •+• Verb + noun /pronoun + (to) Infinitive

The boy		heard	his mother		call him.
	He	wants	you		to do it

1. There are certain verbs which are used in the construction followed by the *to' Infinitive. They are:

think, believe, suppose, consider, assume, expect, find, want, mean, desire, (would) like, hate, order, ask, allow, forbid, encourage

e.g. Many people consider / believe/ think English to be an international language and find it easy to learn.

I didn 4 mean the task to puzzle you so much. Possible promotion encouraged him to learn English.

2.The verbs of physical perception seey watch, observe, notice, hear, feel and the verbs make, have, get, Id are followed in the Complex Object construction by an infinitive without U\

e.g. / noticed/ smv / watched/ observed him pass her a parcel

He cannot make/get/let me go.

You must make, have /get him come.

II. The Complex Subject construction is built on three patterns. No pattern is used in the Future tense. The same verbs as in the

Complex Object construction are used here. They may be followed by ail forms of the Infinitive. Be careful to translate the structure correctly.

Pattern 1

noun /pronoun + passive Verb + to-Infinitive

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it / was		considered ~+ all" Infinitive forms						считают, считается, что
has been			believed					считалось.
is / was					fall Infinitive	forms		известно, что	|
has been				known
			thought						1
is			assumed					полагают.	i
was			supposed		+ all Infinitive forms			предполагается, что
has been				heard				полагали	i
				seen
is			reported
was			claimed					говорят / сообщается,
has been				said	-fall Infinitive forms			утверждается / утвер-
		maintained						ждают /
				stated				утверждалось, что
Is / was			argued
				alleged	+ all Infinitive forms			утверждается /
has been								утверждалось,
								что якобы
Exercise		68
Translate		the	sentences		according to Pattern		L
1.	When we reduce a number of ideas to one general idea we are
	said	to	generalize.
2.	English		is	considered to he spoken		now	by	over 800 million
	people.
\,	The	trend		towards	simplicity is	believed to		be a strength of
	English,
4	The contributions coming to the church were alleged to have
	/><V/7 Stolen.
5. The younger generation is known to have contributed some
	monstrous words to the New Vocabulary.
6.	You are		expected to		take an English exam in the first term of the
	third year.

7.Latin is said to have been spoken by the majority of common people at the time.

8.The Stuart monarchs are known to have been less successful than the Tudors.

9.Slang is not supposed to be used in the formal or official language.

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10.Such kind of enthusiasm could not be expected to spread very far down in society.

11.He is known to be learning a third language.

12.Diplomacy is believed to have been evolving for centuries.

Exercise 69

Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct Infinitive form

1. King Alfred is said (translate) many Latin works into English and thus encouraged learning in all fields.

2. The course of history is known (influence) by King Alfred a lot.

3.Under King Edward the country is thought (prosper).

4.Church building is supposed (go on) for over a century.

5.King Edward is known (start) a new church.

6.Harold was made unwillingly (promise) that he would not try to take the throne for himself

7.During Alfred's struggle against the Danes walled settlements are said (build) to keep them out.

8.The climate is considered (change) for centuries.

9.The problem is felt (turn) into a challenging one.

10.The chairman is alleged (take) bribes.

Exercise	70
Paraphrase	the	sentences so as to use	either the Complex Subject
(Pattern 1) or		Complex Object construction, or both, if possible. Mi ml
the form	of the	Infinitive,
Model:		They consider that English will continue spreading.
(Complex	Object) They consider English		to continue spreading.

It is considered that English has become an international language. (Complex Subject,) English is considered to have become an international

language.

1. It is known that the English have not lived in a state of hatred of their neighbours.

2.It was believed that the new model of society would make all people happy.

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