Grammar Focus. Word-building.

English is a very flexible language and you can build on your vocabulary and learn how to make new words. One way of doing this is to add prefixes (such as dis, pre or co) before the word, eg: anti-social, disappear, supermarket.

In English you can make nouns from verbs (to employ gives employer and employee). You can also make verbs from nouns or adjectives: government gives to govern, modern gives to modernise and so on.

Here are some common word endings:

1. Nouns:

a) -er /- or: a person who does something, eg: adviser / advisor, teacher, learner;

-ian, eg: optician, mathematician

b) -ment: result of action, eg: improvement, advancement

c) -ism: name of system or belief, eg: realism, optimism

d) –ion, eg: confusion, apparition

e) –ness, eg: happiness

f) –ship, eg: leadership

g) -ence / ance, eg: permanence, appearance

h) –age, eg: marriage

g) –y, eg: photography

i) –cy, eg: fluency

2.Verbs

a) –ify,eg: falsify, modify

b) –ise, eg: modernise

Ex.1 a) Form adjectives from the nouns and find their derivatives in the text:

democracy, federation, republic, diplomat, execution.

b) Form nouns from the verbs and find their derivatives in the text:

to administrate, to legislate, to elect, to decide, to represent, to approve, to adopt, to appoint, to implement.

Grammar Focus. The Passive Voice. The Past Simple.

Positive	Negative	Question
I was invited to the party.	He wasn’t injured in the accident.	How was the window broken.

Ex.1 Open the brackets and remember what changes have taken place in the political system of the Russian Federation recently.

1. The President (to be elected) for 4 years, now he (to be elected) for 6 years.

2. The RF (to be composed) of 89 constituent entities, now it (to be composed) of 83 constituent entities.

3. The term of the State Duma (to be served) by its members for 4 years, now it (to be served) for 5 years.

4. The governors of the RF regions (to be appointed), now they (to be elected).

5. The Plenipotentiaries (полномочные представители) (not to be appointed), now they (to be appointed).

Speaking

1. Compare the state power structure of Russia with that of Great Britain.

2. Find the information about the Chairman of the Federation Council and the State Duma and terms of their service. Make short reports.

APPENDIX

First Impressions

Pre-reading task:

1. What do you think your first impressions about a person are based on?

2. How do you form first impressions about a person?

3. Read the text and compare the analysis of psychologists to your answer.

1. According to psychologists, people form first impressions based first on how to look then on how you sound and finally what you say.

Your physical appearance – how you look makes 55% of a first impression. This includes facial expressions, body language, and eye contact, as well as clothing and general appearance.

2. The way you sound makes 38% of the first impression. This includes how fast or slowly, loudly or softly you speak, and your tone of voice. People listen to your tone of voice and decide whether you sound friendly or unfriendly, interested or bored, and happy or sad. What you say- the actual words you use-counts only 7% of the message.

3. People form their first impressions, within 10 seconds of meeting you. And first impressions don’t change easily. If someone gets the wrong impression of you, it can take a long time to change his or her mind.

4. Sometimes it is hard to make sure that you always give a good first impression. One problem is that in different parts of the world, the same behavior may give people a different impression. In some countries, looking directly at someone is polite. It shows you are alert and confident. In other countries, looking directly at someone is considered aggressive. It is more polite to look away. Standing close to someone is considered friendly and supportive in some countries. In others you are expected to keep your distance.

5. Giving a good impression depends on many things. Everyone behaves in different ways, but when you are not sure you are giving a good impression, the best thing to do is to ask yourself “What would I think of someone who acted this way”