Практикум

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопрос: «What are the ways the medicines work?»

How do medicines work? Replacing substances that are deficient or missing in the body

The body needs certain levels of proteins (or …), vitamins and minerals in order to work normally. If these important substances are insufficient or lacking, this can lead to medical disorders. These are called ‘deficiency disorders’. Examples include: iron deficiency (…), and vitamin C deficiency (…).

Deficiency disorders can also occur as a result of a lack of hormones in the body (...). Common examples include: diabetes (…) and hypothyroidism (…).

Deficiency disorders can be treated with medicines or hormones that replace or restore the levels of the missing substances, for example insulin injections for diabetics.

Altering the activity of cells

Cells are the basic ‘building blocks’ of the body. All human tissue is made up of groups of cells.

Many medicines work by altering the activity of cells. For example, anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen and diclofenac block the action or stop the production of chemical substances (…) which are released by cells in response to tissue damage and which cause inflammation and pain.

Medicines which interfere with the way cells work are used to treat a variety of conditions, such as blood clotting disorders (eg. …), heart (eg. … ) and kidney diseases.

Some medicines work by attaching themselves (binding) to sites found on the surface of cells (…) and either increase or decrease the activity of the cell (eg. ...).

Destroying infectious microorganisms or abnormal cells

Infectious diseases occur when viruses, bacteria, protozoa or fungi invade the body.  Antibiotics e.g. penicillin can destroy bacteria by killing them directly or by preventing them multiplying. Anti-fungals commonly used for infections of the skin and mouth (eg. …) work by disrupting infected cells. Other medicines work by killing abnormal cells, for example some anti-cancer drugs directly target and kill harmful cancer cells.

2. Заполните пропуски в скобках необходимыми по смыслу словами и словосочетаниями, из списка ниже. Составьте с ними свои собственные предложения

Clotrimazole and miconazole; scurvy; anti-coagulants; medicines used in the treatment of epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease; insulin deficiency; amino acids; calcium channel blockers; mediators; receptors; hormone deficiency; anaemia; thyroid hormone deficiency.

3. Найдите в тексте «Howdomedicineswork?» ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. How do antibiotics destroy bacteria?

2. What are the important substances in the human body?

3. When do deficiency disorders occur?

4. What is all human tissue made up of?

5. What conditions do medicines altering the activity of cells treat?

6. How can deficiency disorders be treated?

4. Найдите эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний. Найдите предложения в тексте, в которых они были использованы и переведите их на русский язык.

- противогрибковый

- изменять активность клетки

- выделяемый клеткой

- расстройства, вызываемые нехваткой каких-то веществ

- недостаточное количество

- простейшие

- свертываемость крови

- противовоспалительные средства

- блокаторы кальциевых каналов

- заменять и восстанавливать

5. Расположите эти предложения в правильном порядке так, чтобы они освещали основное содержание текста.

1. In addition to that many medicines work by destroying infectious microorganisms or abnormal cells.

2. For example, antibiotics such as penicillin can destroy bacteria by killing them directly or by preventing them multiplying .

3. Other medicines work by killing abnormal cells, for example some anti-cancer drugs directly target and kill harmful cancer cells.

4. These deficiency disorders can be treated with medicines or hormones that replace or restore the levels of the missing substances.

5. So these medicines are used to treat a variety of conditions, such as blood clotting disorders, heart and kidney diseases.

6. Some important substances are insufficient or lacking, this can lead to medical disorders called deficiency disorders.

7. Infectious diseases occur when viruses, bacteria, protozoa or fungi invade the body.

8. Medicines replace substances that are deficient or missing in the body.

9. Medicines also alter the activity of cells.

10. Thus medicines destroy infectious microorganisms or abnormal cells.