10. The relief of Great Britain.

The British Isles consist of two main islands : Great Britain and Ireland . These and over five hundred small islands are known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Their total area is some 94,250 square miles . Great Britain comprises England , Wales and Scotland . The Southern part of the isle of Ireland is the Irish Republic. There are wild mountains in the Northern Highlands of Scotland the home of deer and the eagle . There are flat tulip fileds round the Fens that would make you think you were in Holand . Within a few miles of Manchester and Sheffield you can be in heather –covered moors. The British Isles were part of the mainland of Europe – the nearest point is across the Strait of Dover , where the chalk cliff of Britain are only twenty-two miles from those of France. The seas round the British Isles are shallow . The North Sea is more than 600 feet deep. This shallowness is in some ways an advantage. Shallow water is warmer then deep water. The coast line is indetented. This indentation gives a good supply of habour for ships and the shape of the country – a fact that has facilited the export of manufacture and has made the English race a sea-loving ones.Western Scotland is fringed by the large island chain known as the Hebrides and to the north east of the Scotish mainland are the Orkney and Shettland Islands. In Scotland you have three district regions. There is firstly , the Highlands , then there is the central plain of Lowlands ; Finally there are southern uplands «The Scott country» with their gently rounded hills where the sheep wander. In England and Wales all the highlands is in the west and north west. The south-western plain reaches the west coast only at one or two places – at the Bristol Channel and by the mouths of the rivers Dee and Mersey . In the North you find the Chaviots Separating England from Scotland the Pennines going , down England like a backbone and the Cumbrian mountains of the Like District.In the west are the Cambrian mountains which occupy the greater part of Wales . The south-eastern part of England is a low-lying land with chalk cliffs and inland a lovely pattern of green and gold here and brown plough-land with farm and cottages in their midst. Its rich brown soil is deeply cultivated much of it is under wheat ; fruit-growing is extensively carried on. The position of the mountains naturally determinated the direction and lenghth of the river and the longest river flow into the North Sea. The rivers of Britain are of no great value as water-ways – the longest, the Thams and few of them are navigable except near the mouth for anything but smaller vessels. In the estuaries of the Thams , Mersey , Tyne ,Clyde,Tay,Forth and Bristol Avon are some of the greatest port.

11. Industrial and agricultural districts in Great Britain.

England is a highly developed industrial country. The City of London is one of the Worlds three leading financial centres . The Bank of England is the commercial pulse of the city of London . The Greater London is important for products of all kinds including food , instrument engineering , electrical and electronic engineering , сlothing , furniture and printing . North-west of London is known as the «Black country» . In Birningham , the centre of this area , there various goods are produced : machine tool , tubes , domestic metalware ; The largest coal and iron fields in Britain are located in the Midlands. Manchester is one of the main centres for electrical and heavy engineering. The Manchester Ship Canal links Manchester with Liverpool , one of Britains leading seaport. Sheffieldis well-known for its manufacture of high quality steels , tools and cutlery. Bradford is the commercial centre of the wool trade. Newcastle is famous for its shipbuilding yard and its export of coal. The Scotish economy has moved away from the traditional industries. North-east Scotland is the centre of offshore oil and gas industries.There has been a significant development in hightechnology industries such as chemicals , electronics engireering and information technology.Glasgow is the largest city , seaport and trading centre of Scotland . Wales is an important centre for cosummers electronics , information technology , chemicals and food and drink. Dairying is most common in the west England . Sheep and cattle are reared in the south-western England. The south of England is rural with many fertile valleys , well-cultivated fields and pastuares. The south-eastern coast is known for a number of popular resort. On southern coast there many large ports , among them Southhampton , Portmouth , Plymouth.