Ability to Use Speech Mechanisms

–

fill pauses with “errr”

too fast or too slow tempo of speech

begin the phrase and not be able to finish it

excessive liveliness

+

articulate sounds carefully

use our breath properly

make up syntactic constructions easily

answer quickly

use various and appropriate intonations, mimics, gestures, poses

restrained irony, wittiness, warmth

Language Literary Norm

Language norm is a set of stable traditional implementations of the language system, selected and fixed in the process of speech in literature – exemplary, classic, fiction, scientific, journalistic; a set of rules and traditions in different areas of the language.

pronunciation	morphemic
level	level

	lexical level	morphologic
		level

Communicative Expediency

This pragmatic requirement is aimed at

achieving the goal of communication – a complete and adequate understanding of speech by the receptor.

Expressiveness

Means of expressiveness:

speech loudness and tempo,

voice timber,

pauses (logical and psychological),

intonation,

mimics, body language,

acting,

rhetorical questions,

repetitions,

parallel constructions,

gradation,

paradoxes, etc.

Means of extra-expressiveness:

foreign speech,

creating new words,

dialecticisms,

colloquial words, etc.

Speech Etiquette

Speech etiquette is an accepted set of requirements of forms, contents, orders, characters and situational relevance of utterance or expression.

Realization of Speech Etiquette

Elements at Different Language

Levels

lexical level

morphological level

stylistic level level of intonation

level of orthoepy

level of organization of communication

E.g., thank you, excuse me, see you

E.g., Give me your pen, please.

E.g., \Come here. /Come here.

E.g., let me – lemme

The Dynamics of Conversation

Conversation Analysis is based on Politeness of Penelope Brown & Stephen Levinson (1987).

Based on Erving Goffman’s notion of face.

It is expected that every speaker attempts to respect the face want of others. There are many ways of performing face saving acts.

	face	politene	face
		ss	want
	face threatening		face saving
		act	act

	Negative Face		Positive Face
	Could you…		use of nicknames,
	I’m sorry to bother you, but…		use of shared dialect,
	May I ask…		use of slang,
			We… Let’s…

On and Off Record

Off record statements are not addressed: “I wonder where I put my pen …” The other can act as if he or she hasn’t heard.

On record statements are addressed: “I haven’t got a pen”.

Bald on record statements: “Give me a pen”. They are often followed by “mitigating devices” such as “please”, “would you” etc.