Английский язык модуль 6

reflected in the Vienna Convention, does not require ratification for a state to be bound by a treaty, and many informal international agreements bind parties on the basis of a signature alone.

E.

Accession is the process by which a state which was not a signatory of the treaty may nevertheless become a party to the treaty and be bound to its terms. Parties to a treaty are not given different treatment according to the manner in which they became parties.

F.

Article 14 of the Vienna Convention refers to “acceptance” as “an expression of consent to be bound either without a signature or after a nonbinding prior signature.” Acceptance is not so much an actual method of consent as it is a term seen in treaty provisions, the meaning of which varies according to the context.

G.

The term “approval” was introduced into international law to correspond to the internal procedures of states which call for the “approval” of treaties.

H.

Entry into force is the actual implementation of the treaty’s terms and in the Vienna Convention is governed by article 24. Entry into force often occurs when specific requirements laid out in the treaty have been met.

11.Заполните таблицу:

noun	verb
consent	consent
exchange
government
authentication
ratification

noun	verb
	approve
	sign
	accept
	conclude
	accede

12.Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык и составьте с ними предложения:

1.принятие

2.утверждение

3.выражать согласие

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4.вступать в силу

5.полномочия

6.оговорка

7.окончательное согласие

8.право международных договоров

9.дополнительная возможность

10.подписывать договор

14.В предложениях (1–10) заполните пропуски,

используя слова из текста «The Conclusion of Treaties»

1.Many countries have now r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ the UN convention on the rights of the child.

2.The t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on European Union called for the creation of a single currency by 1999.

3.In modern practice a treaty may be signed by agents with f _ _ _ _ _

p_ _ _ _ _ to do so, but it is still not valid until it has been ratified, or formally approved, by all parties concerned and the ratifications exchanged or deposited at a central location.

4.The council’s plans have met with the a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of local residents.

5.Treaties can be either b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (between two nations) or

m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (between three or more nations).

6.We have inserted certain p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ into the treaty to safeguard foreign workers.

7.The agreement was terminated by mutual с _ _ _ _ _ _ .

8.Under the treaty, both sides will s _ _ _ away a third of their nuclear weapons.

9.The с _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the deal/treaty will make the world a safer place for all of us.

10.The UN General Assembly unanimously a _ _ _ _ _ _ a treaty making hostage-taking an international crime.

15.Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями:

1.At multilateral conferences the text of the treaty is adopted by a twothirds majority of the participants unless other provisions are made.

2.The conclusion of an international treaty consists of three stages.

3.Adoption signifies that the wording of the final document is agreed upon.

4.Ratification provides an additional opportunity to carefully consider the rights and obligations of a treaty before consenting to be bound by its terms.

5.Accession is the actual implementation of the treaty’s terms.

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16.Закончите следующие предложения, используя необходимую информацию из текста:

1.Adoption of the text of the treaty does not conclude the treaty but is one step in a series of steps necessary to ... .

2.Consent may be expressed in many ways: ... .

3.The subject matter of the treaty is composed of the rights ... .

4.“Adoption” is generally defined as ... .

5.Ratification is a check on the treaty-making powers of the executive branch by passing the treaty through ... .

6.Accession is the process by which a state which was not a signatory of the treaty may ... .

7.“Acceptance” is an expression of consent to be bound either without a signature or after ... .

8.Entry into force often occurs when specific requirements ... .

17.Расскажите о договорном процессе, используя таблицу:

Treaty process
	negotiation
	adoption		signature
	authentication		exchange of
			instruments
	conclusion		acceptance
	entry into force		approval
			accession
			ratification

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UNIT 5

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION

OF THE ENVIRONMENT

1.Что вы думаете о роли международного права в защите окружающей среды? Выберите правильный ответ:

1. The first treaties concerning the protection of the natural environment appeared … … . . . . . .

a)in the Middle Ages;

b)at the turn of the 20 th century;

c)in 21th century.

2. … … . . . . was the first international agreement to impose on States specific obligations as regards the pollution of the marine environment.

a) The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships;

b) The Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques;

c) The London Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil. 3. The 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution

from Ships entered into force in … … . . . . .

a)1983;

b)1976;

c)1991.

4. The adoption in 1963 of … … . . . . , has contributed to a significant reduction in environmental radioactivity.

a)the UN Charter;

b)the Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by the Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter;

c)the Moscow Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water.

5) The Convention on Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific was adopted in … … . . . . .

a)1950;

b)1976;

c)1975.

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2.Прочитайте текст и объясните значение выделенных слов и словосочетаний

The Concept of International Legal Protection

of the Environment

The first treaties concerning the protection of the natural environment had already appeared at the turn of the century. They were primarily concerned with protecting and regulating the commercial hunting of certain species of animals. It is only in recent decades that there has been a qualitative shift in the international legal regulation of environmental protection and that States have adopted active measures in this field.

The revolution in science and technology and the rapid development of the productive forces of society have intensified the impact of man’s economic activities on the natural environment, and have considerably widened the sphere of his intervention in natural processes. The intensive utilization of natural resources and the pollution of the planet’s biosphere have brought the human race to the brink of a serious ecological crisis. Consequently, the protection of the environment and the rational utilization of natural resources have become urgent global problems of the modern age.

Naturally, these problems cannot be solved by the efforts of individual States alone. National measures to protect the environment must be combined with wide international cooperation at the global and regional levels. International law is called upon to play a leading role in establishing and developing such cooperation and regulating the measures undertaken by various States to protect the environment.

The international legal protection of the environment is a relatively new but rapidly developing part of modern international law. At the present time, there are a number of international treaties of different kind governing various aspects of the protection of the environment and the rational utilization of natural resources. These agreements primarily concern the following:

1)the prevention of the pollution of maritime waters, the protection and rational utilization of the sea’s living resources;

2)theprotectionofthewatersandresourcesofinternational(multinational)

rivers;

3)the protection of the Earth’s atmosphere and circum-terrestrial outer space from pollution and other unfavorable influences;

4)the protection and rational utilization of the animal and plant world

on land;

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5)the protection of unique natural objects and complexes and of individual ecological systems;

6)the protection of the Earth’s environment from radioactive contamination.

The international legal protection of the environment emerged and is continuing to expand within the general framework of the progressive development of international law. Thus, the international legal regulation of the environment protection measures undertaken by different States has unquestionably been influenced by the many universal international treaties which either contain important provisions relating to the protection of the environment, or else are directly or indirectly contributing to the improvement of the planetary environment.

In addition to international treaties, international custom also plays an important role in the protection of the environment.

An important role in the development of the international legal protection of the environment is played by resolutions adopted by international organizations, and above all by the United Nations and its specialized agencies.

3.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям:

1.естественная среда

2.виды животных

3.производительные силы

4.интенсивное использование

5.экологический кризис

6.разумное использование

7.неотложная глобальная проблема

8.современная эпоха

9.региональный уровень

10.играть ведущую роль

11.живые ресурсы

12.атмосфера Земли

13.околоземный

14.космическое пространство

15.радиоактивное загрязнение

16.правовая защита

17.международный обычай

18.многонациональные реки

19.оздоровление планетарной среды

20.охрана вод

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4.Прочитайте текст

«Principles of International Legal Protection of the Environment». Заполните пропуски словами и словосочетаниями из рамки. При необходимости измените форму слова

jurisdiction, inflict, respect, cooperation, dispose, ensure, advantage, utilization, unilateral, well-being, treaty, inalienable, customary, legal protection, take, prohibit, recognition.

Principles of International Legal Protection of the Environment

The basic principles of international law also apply to 1) .….. among States in the conservation and 2) ……of the natural environment and its resources. However, the international 3) …… of the environment possesses its own specific principles and, moreover, many of them are still in the process of development.

The Principle of protecting the environment. International law sees the gradual development of the principle according to which States should 4) …… measures, either 5) …… or joint, to preserve the environment and secure the rational utilization of natural resources for the 6) …… of the present and future generations.

States have the duty to cooperate with one another in environmental conservation and in balanced utilization of natural resources. Such cooperation is effected in accordance with 7) …… on the basis of equality and mutual 8) …… .

The principle of 9 ) … … sovereignty over natural resources. This principle is reflected in a number of resolutions adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, including the resolution entitled “Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Resources” of December 14, 1962.

This principle means that each State has the sovereign right to 10) …… freely of its own resources in accordance with its policy on the environment, and obligates other States to 11) ……that right.

The principle of not 12) …… damage on the environment beyond national state jurisdiction. This principle, which emerged as a 13) …… norm of international law, has met with virtually universal 14) …… .

It was formulated as follows in the Stockholm Declaration: States have, in accordance with the UN Charter and principles of international law, the responsibility to 15) …… that activities within their 16) …… or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. This principle also extends to those activities by States which are not 17) …… under international law.

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5. Ответьте на вопросы:

1.When did the first treaties concerning the protection of the natural environment appear?

2.What has intensified the impact of man’s economic activities on the natural environment?

3.What has brought the human race to the brink of a serious ecological

crisis?

4.Is the international legal protection of the environment a relatively new part of modern international law?

5.Does international custom play an important role in the protection of the environment?

6.Does the United Nations play an important role in the development of the international legal protection of the environment?

7.The basic principles of international law apply to cooperation among States in the conservation and utilization of the natural environment and its resources, don’t they?

8.List the principles of international legal protection of the environ-

ment.

9.What does the principle of inalienable sovereignty over natural resources mean?

10.States have the duty to cooperate with one another in environmental conservation and in balanced utilization of natural resources, don’t they?

6. Подберите определения (a–j) к словам (1–10):

1) garbage	a) exhibiting, using, or concerned with radioactivity
2) subsoil	b) to dispose of waste in the sea or on land
3) seabed	c) to pour forth or cause to pour forth
4) waste	d) the solid surface of the Earth which lies under the sea
5) substance	e) worthless, useless, or unwanted matter
6) to dump	f)	rejected as useless, unwanted, or worthless
7) to discharge	g) the tangible matter of which a thing consists
8) warfare	h) the external surroundings in which a plant or (animal lives,
		which tend to influence its development and behavior
9) environment	i)	the layer of soil beneath the surface soil and overlying the
		bedrock
10) radioactive	j)	the act, process, or an instance of waging war

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7.Прочитайте текст со словарем и передайте его краткое содержание на английском языке:

War and Environmental Law

War has enormous impacts on the environment. Protective measures during a time of war are dependent on the warring countries adhering to international laws relating to environmental protection, along with some more general legal obligations. The desire of the country to remain vigilant about environmental protection during a war is questionable in a time of complete destruction, with their often single-minded focus on certain ends that do not include environmental sanctity.

War and military activities have obvious detrimental impacts on the environment. Weaponry, troop movements, landmines, creation and destruction of buildings, destruction of forests by defoliation or general military usage, poisoning of water sources, target-shooting of animals for practice/boredom relief, consumption of endangered species out of desperation etc., are just some of the examples of how war and military activities impact negatively on the environment.

In recent decades, many armed conflicts have involved a wide range of threats to the environment. These have included long-lasting chemical pollution on land; maritime and atmospheric pollution; despoliation of land by mines and other dangerous objects; and threats to water supplies and other necessities of life. The consequences have affected not only belligerents, but also civilians and neutral States; and they have sometimes continued long after the end of the armed conflict.

From a legal standpoint, environmental protection during times of war and military activities is addressed partially by international environmental law. Further sources are also found in areas of law such as general international law, the law of war, human rights law and local laws of each affected country.

8.Расскажите о роли международного права в деле защиты окружающей среды.

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УЧЕБНО МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ

Литература

1.Antonio Cassese. International Law. Oxford University Press, 2005.

2.Amy Krois-Lindner, Matt Firth. Introduction to International Legal English. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

3.Ануфриева Л. П., Бекяшев К. А., Дмитриева Г. К. Mеждународное частное право. М. : Проспект, 2009.

4.Федотова О. Л., Глазова И. В. English for International Law. М. : Моск. акад. экон. и права, 2010.

5.Алонцева Н. В. Английский для студентов факультетов права и международных отношений. Минск : Тетра Системс, 2009.

Электронные ресурсы

1.URL: www.law.cornell.edu/wex/International_law

2.URL: www.hg.org/international-law.html

3.URL: www.wisegeek.com/what-is-international-law.htm

4.URL: wikinfo.org/index.php/International_law

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