X. Змістовий модуль „Вирішення питань професійного та академічного характеру”

Практичне заняття № 1

Тема: Стан та перспективи розвитку галузі.( 2 год)

1. Читання, переклад та переказ тексту. Виконання після текстових вправ.

Read the texts and compare the information in section 1 and section 2.

ELECTRONIC INTELLIGENCE

On the one hand...,

Science fiction films and books are full of robots that look, and even think, exactly like humans. Some people believe it will not be long before such machines become a reality. However, most advanced electronic machines still look like people. These machines cannot yet think in the same way as a person; some say they never will. Nevertheless, they are able to make decisions and solve problems. An airliners automatic pilot, for example, can control the plane, even during take-off and landing.

Computers issue detailed instructions in order to control the way robots act. The simplest robots just follow a set of instructions and repeat the same movements repeatedly! Many factories rely on such robots to carry out the sort tasks that a human worker would certainly find very boring and they can do many jobs more rapidly and with great accuracy. Very advanced robots have sensors with which they can collect information about their surroundings. These robots can move from place to place, using very small television cameras to find the way. Many scientists are convinced that robots will soon be intelligent enough to explore other planets more effectively than humans will.

Science fiction —научная фантастика; take off—взлет; landing—посадка; accuracy — точность; sensor — чувствительный элемент, датчик; humans — люди

On the other hand...

Robots are already able to do all sorts of repetitive tasks currently performed by human beings. Nevertheless, the effective control remains with the human brain. No computer has yet been invented which can cope with the details of human language, and the idea of an artificial intelligence with a sense of humor and a conscience still seems a faraway dream. If, however, people believe in the faith of scientists working in the field of artificial intelligence, they will have to suspect that dreams just can become reality.

cope with— справиться; artificial intelligence — искусственный разум; conscience —совесть; sense of humor —чувство юмора

1. What is computer hacking?

2. Why do the hackers do what they do?

3. Are the companies taking the problem seriously?

Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням: Завдання до тексту

I. Вставте пропущені букви у словах першого абзацу.

II. Виберіть та вставте запропоновані у дужках слова (used, water, perfumery, fast, completely, most, by) в другому абзаці.

III. У третьому абзаці оберіть правильну граматичну форму.

IV. Складіть план до тексту.V. Поставте 10 запитань до тексту.

VI. Напишіть анотацію.

From The Nature Friends

27.05. 2008

Ester

By Peter S. Brubaker

It has already been explained, that an ester is the 1) prod_ct formed by the reversible reaction between an acid and an alcohol. If an acid and an alcohol are 2) mi_ed a condition of equilibrium will 3) eventuall_ be set up when the rates of the 4) dire_t reaction (esterification) and reverse reaction 5) (h_drolysis) are 6) equ_l. Any excess of water will diminish the 7) propor_ion of ester present at equilibrium.

An ester may be almost 1) _____ hydrolyzed if it is heated with water, provided that a large enough proportion of water is 2) _____. The hydrolysis is usually slow, but is catalyzed 3) _____ acids. It becomes complete if a dilute solution of an alkali is used instead of 4) _____, for the acid produced by hydrolysis is neutralized by the alkali as 5) __________ as it is formed, and so can take no further part in the reaction. 6) _______esters of organic acids are pleasant-smelling, volatile liquids and many of them are used in 7) ______ and in the production of artificial flavouring agents.

Ethyl acatale 1) (is, are) a typical example of an ester of an organic acid. It is 2) (form, formed) when acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride acts on ethyl alcohol. Ethyl acetate is prepared 3) (by, at) the interaction of alcohol and glacial acid in the presence of 4) (concentrating, concentrated) sulphuric acid. Ethyl acetate is a colorless, mobile liquid with a pleasant fruity odour. It is soluble in water and is miscible with alcohol, ether and chloroform, forming neutral solutions. When ethyl acetate 5) (is, have to) boiled with water under reflux condensation, it slowly 6) (undergoes, undergo) hydrolysis.

Робота над граматичним матеріалом. Revision.

36. Назвіть випадки вживання Present Perfect.

37. З якими числівниками в реченні найчастіше вживається Present Perfect. Наведіть приклад.

38. Чи вживається Present Perfect у реченнях з обставинами часу, що означають період часу, який почався в минулому і тривав до моменту мовлення. Назвіть ці обставини.

39. Яким чином утворюється форма Past Perfect. Чи вживається вона для вираження минулої дії, що вже закінчилася до певного моменту в минулому. Яким чином це позначається у реченні?

40. Наведіть 5 пар прикладів речень у формі Future Perfect та Future Simple. Поясніть.

Choose the correct form of the verb:

1. I (did, had done) shopping by 3 o'clock. 2. He (had received, received) the telegram by that time. 3. My brother (tried on, had tried on) the raincoat before he (bought, had bought) it 4. We (bought, had bought) vegetables before our mother (had come, came) home. 5. She said that she (bought, had bought) new high-heeled shoes. 6. We (had discovered, discovered) that we (spent, had spent) all the money.

41. Чи виражають часи групи Perfect Continuous, як і часи групи Continuous дію в її розвитку як процес. Яким чином вони пов’язані з часами групи Perfect?

42. Як утворюються часи групи Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous?

Translate into English

1. Що ти робиш? – Чекаю автобуса. Скільки часу ти чекаєш його? – Я чекаю його вже десять хвилин. 2. Ми вивчаємо англійську мову. Ми вивчаємо її вже чотири роки. 3. З якого часу його батько працює інженером заводу? 4. Дощ іде зранку.5. Ніна загубила ручку, вона вже чверть години шукає її. 6. Вчора листоноша приніс мені лист. Я чекав цього листа три тижні. 7. Коли Ольга закінчила університет, її сестра вже п’ять років викладала біологію в школі.

43. Чому модальні дієслова називають недостатніми? Чим вони відрізняються від інших дієслів?

44. Які форми і еквіваленти має дієслово can, must, may? Створіть таблицю.

45. Скільки форм мають дієслова should, ought чим вони різняться.

46. Складіть 10 речень, вживаючи фахову лексику, з використанням всіх модальних дієслів.

Література:

1. Бессонова І. В. Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням). Навчальний посібник для дистанційного навчання. – К.: Університет «Україна», 2005. – 263с.

Практичне заняття № 2

Тема: Сучасна людина і комп’ютер.

1. Read the texts and discuss them.

PLUG-IN GENERATION

In an age when computer use is getting much attention from parents, educators and legislators, television remains the dominant medium for most kids. Children spend an average of 2 hours 46 minutes watching television each day, with 17 percent of children spending more than five hours in front of the TV. Time spent on the computer lags far behind TV use, with the average for all children at 21 minutes a day outside school, including an average of eight minutes a day on the Internet.

Computers are a major technological breakthrough of the twentieth century. Their benefits are numerous yet much can be said against them. The main disadvantage of computers is that staring at a screen for long periods can be damaging to the eyes, and sitting on a chair for hours at a time is certainly not healthy. Secondly, computers distract people from conversation. Also, people can become anti-social and stay at home to use their computer. Finally, the strongest argument against the use of computers is that people do the more jobs, which are done by computers, the less. .

However, the advantages of computers are numerous, such as educational benefits, especially to children. School subjects become more interesting when presented on a computer screen. Moreover, computers can be fun with a seemingly endless variety of games which can be played on them. In addition, computers are valuable to any business, making life easier and saving time because you can store and get back a lot of information at die touch of button. Furthermore, personal gains can be seen as the use of computers increases powers of concentration.

To sum up, there are strong arguments both for and against the use of computers. Yet, despite the health problems, risk to jobs and lack of personal communication, it seems that as long as the use of computers is regulated, the benefits computers provide to education and business are very important.

Legislator—законодатель; plug in— включить вилку в розетку; medium — средство (массовой информации); media (мн.ч.) — средства массовой ин­формации; survey— обзор, изучение; lag—отставать; breakthrough—дости­жение, прорыв; benefits — зд. преимущества, положительные стороны; distract from — отвлекать от; variety of games — разнообразие игр

1. Why do we call to-day's children and teenagers a plug-in generation? 2. What are the average figures for the time spent in front of the TV? What programmes are broadcast? Do you think children prefer cartoons or science fiction films to feature films and documentaries? 3. How does TV compete with the computer? 4. What are the benefits of the computer? 5. What are the disadvantages of the computer (for health, socializing, job getting?) 6. What is the conclusion of the text? To what extent do you agree (disagree) with it?