Additional texts

Unit 1

Translate the following text in writing in 45 minutes using the dictionary.

Computer architecture

In computer engineering, computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements (especially speeds and interconnections) and design implementations for the various parts of a computer — focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses addresses in memory.

It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.

Computer architecture comprises at least three main subcategories:

• Instruction set architecture, or ISA, is the abstract image of a computing system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language) programmer, including the instruction set, memory address modes, processor registers, and address and data formats.

• Microarchitecture, also known as Computer organization is a lower level, more concrete, description of the system that involves how the constituent parts of the system are interconnected and how they interoperate in order to implement the ISA.

• System Design which includes all of the other hardware components within a computing system such as: system interconnects such as computer buses and switches, memory controllers and hierarchies, CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access, issues like multi-processing.

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Unit 2

Read the following article in 10 minutes without dictionary and speak about types of computer infections. (Use the phrases from Appendix 4). Types of Computer Infections

Computer infections can be broken up into 4 main categories which are explained below:

Viruses

Computer Viruses are small pieces of software that attach themselves to real programs. Each time you run the program windows explorer the virus will also be executed and perform the function that it was meant to perform. This can be several things such as damaging files on your computer, or erasing them all together.

Worms

A worm just like a virus is a small piece of software. However worms will run themselves over computer networks and security holes to spread. The worm will scan the network from its host computer until it finds another computer that it can attach itself to. It will then continue this process to replicate. Because this type of infection runs by itself it can have devastating impacts.

Trojan Horses

A Trojan horse is a computer programs that claims to be one thing, but is actually another. You might receive a Trojan horse that is disguised as an image, but when you go to open the file, it will do whatever it is that it was written to do.

E-mail Viruses

Email Viruses work by spreading themselves through email messages. Once they infect a computer, they will then go ahead and replicate themselves by automatically mailing out again to everyone in the victim’s e-mail address book.

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Ryan Fyfe

(http:// article.business-man.biz/security)

Unit 3

Translate the following text in writing in 45 minutes using the dictionary.