- •Topic 8: semantic redundancy of oral messages. Interpreter's note–taking
- •8.1. Semantic Redundancy as one of the Main Properties of Oral Discourse
- •8.2. Ways of Ensuring Semantic Redundancy of Oral Messages
- •8.3. Semantic Redundancy: Recommendations for Interpreters
- •8.4. Interpreter's Note–taking
- •Basic interpetation and linguistic terms used in topic 8
- •How the Zero was Discovered
- •Legacy of death, bad health lingers from Chornobyl blast
- •Topic 9: lexical aspects of interpretation
- •9.1. The Notion of the “Focus of Meaning”
- •9.2. Subject Field Terms: Ways of Interpreting Them
- •9.3. Clichés and Idioms as an Interpretation Problem
- •9.4. “Troublemaking” Lexical Units: Numerals, Proper Names, Specific Items of the National Lexicon, Abbreviations, Acronyms and “Misleading Words”
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 9
- •Blood-sucking leeches popular for treatments
- •Topic 10: "gaps" in perception of oral discourse and ways of "filling them in" in interpreting
- •10.1. The Notion of "Gaps" in Perceiving Original Texts
- •10.2. Phonological "Gaps"
- •10.3. Lexical "Gaps"
- •10.4. Grammatical "Gaps"
- •10.5. Ways of Filling in the "Gaps" in Interpreting
- •10.6. Ways of Fighting Phonological Complications
- •Caused by Accents and Dialects
- •Basic interpretation and linguistic terms used in topic 10
- •Topic 11: problems of translating idioms
- •11.1. Knowing Idioms is the Way to Speak Like a Native
- •11.2. Grammatical Nature of Idioms
- •11.3. Etymology of Idioms
- •11.4. How to Learn Idioms and Practice Them
- •American English Idioms
- •Tricky translations
- •In the text below you will find various word combinations using the word “job”. Their translations into Ukrainian follow in brackets:
- •Looking for a job
- •Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
- •12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
- •Interpreter
- •12.2. Two Levels of Interpretation
- •12.3. Triad of Interpretation Process
- •12.4. Specifics and Situations in Interpreting Process
- •12.5. Factor of Time
- •One monument to two events: Christianization, municipal rights
- •Topic 13: precision and basis information, their distinctions and importance for interpretation adequacy
- •13.1. Constituents of Precision and Basis Information
- •13.2. Rendering pi in the Process of Interpretation
- •13.3. Undesirable Situations of Two-way Interpretation. Interpretation Pitfalls and Traps – How to Avoid Them
- •The Brain’s Response to Nicotine
- •The Braine Response to Methamphetamine
- •Why I am a Pilot
- •Topic 14: characteristic peculiarities of professional interpretation
- •14.1. Intellectual Requirements
- •14.2. Requirements to Interpretation Adequacy
- •14.3. Memory and Interpretation
- •Organic farming takes root in countryside as people seek healthier food alternatives
- •Topic 15: analysis and synthesis during
- •Interpretation process
- •15.1. Two Stages of Interpretation Process
- •15.2. Understanding and Extraction of Meaningful Units
- •15.3. Hearing and the Types of Noises
- •15.4. Guess and Intuition
- •15.5. To See a Speaker
- •15.6. Automatism of Synthesis
- •15.7. Complicated is Simpler
- •15.8. Interpretation Typology
- •15.9. Constituents of Training Interpretation
- •15.10. Constituents of Real Interpretation and Ways of Achieving Adequacy
- •15.11. Subtypes of Professional Interpretation
- •Give English/Ukrainian interpretation on sight of the following trext: The Price of Progress
- •Give two-way interpretation of the following texts:
- •Topic 16: ability to hear as the basic requirement to understanding
- •16.1. Hearing
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Topic 12: levels and components of interpretation. Interpreter’s challenges. Conference interpreting
We are bound in two ways: to our mother tongue and to the mother tongue of the text we are translating.
Martin Heidegger
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12.1. Communication during Two-way Interpretation
The process of communication during interpretation can be represented in the following way:
Interpreter
?
S RR
Sender (source) Recipient (receiver) of information
Explanation of the diagram:
At the level S – R/R – S communication:
• is absent
a) when none of two sides know foreign language to any extent;
b) when both sides are reluctant to use foreign (not native) language for political/ideological reasons;
• is extremely difficult – in case when poor knowledge of foreign language takes place, as well as deep intercultural differences and different levels of competence and education;
• is difficult – when insufficient knowledge of foreign language, presence of psychological barrier in its application, takes place;
• is undesirable – when both sides know language, but the use of interpretation is preferable by the protocol or tactical considerations (saving time);
• is one-way – when passive knowledge of language is sufficient enough for understanding. Interpretation is made into foreign language.
In all situations enumerated above, the process of communication proceeds with the help or directly through the interpreter.
Interpretation can be represented as a process of instant and sometimes subconscious determination of relevant concepts (base points) in the text in source language, and their interpretation into the language of translation within one statement.
Interpretation process possesses the same typical characteristics as a speech activity in general; therefore it is a type of indirect bilingual communication activity.
Misunderstanding inter-text connections, providing logical consistency or succession and interrelation of specific text portions, as well as the violation of text integrity result in the most serious mistakes. Especially cause-and-effect relations often cause difficulties in interpretation, when cause and effect trade places and sense accents shift.
Intercultural differences cause serious problems. Knowing traditions, customs and mentality of the country whose language is studied is one of the major problems of interpretation. (Стефания Фол „Эти странные американцы“. М.: Эгмонт Россия Лтд, 1999). While intercultural differences may represent a serious interpretation problem, knowledge of culture and regional geography (страноведение) must an integral part of interpreter’s thesaurus. (Линн Виссон „Русские проблемы в английской речи. Слова и фразы в контексте двух культур“, М.: Р.Валент, 2003).
Biased ideas about stylistic peculiarities of this or that genre may generate stylistically inadequate text in the language of translation, that especially unpleasant to ear when translating into our native language.
Insufficient wielding universal translation note taking (універсальний перекладацький скоропис) in particular, inability to fix cohesion is the source of distortions and incorrectness in translation, which decreases and degrades its adequacy and adversely affects the utterance design.
Just because the so called precision information has very week semantic connection with communication situation, the mechanism of probabilistic prediction in consecutive interpretation very rarely gives desired effect; its results being multiple mistakes in numerals, first of all when interpreting from foreign language into native.