4. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What is a circuit?

2. How do electrons drift in the circuit?

3. What is a fixed polarity?

4. What are concepts of electric charge and potential?

5. In what way is an electric circuit formed?

6. What are the sources of potential difference which urge the electrons around a circuit in one direction, producing a unidirectional current?

7. How has an electrical science been regarded from the early days?

8. The electron flow is opposite to the conventional direction of current, isn’t it?

5. Find in the text synonyms for

To support, constantly, to wish, often, hence, really, standard, movement

6. Make the sentences negative. Translate them

Model: She can sing well. She can’t sing well.

1. He is allowed to come here tomorrow.

2. You may answer the question at once.

3. They must come to the lesson every day.

4. You can do this task easily.

5. We could remember his address.

6. My sister can make very good tea.

7. You are to do this exercise once more.

8. They must speak with the Professor today.

9. We can change water into steam by heating.

7. Make the sentences interrogative. Translate them

Model: The electrostatic generator can serve as an example of an electric source.

Can the electrostatic generator serve as an example of an electric source?

1. Batteries and direct-current generators may become sources of potential difference.

2. This scientific study can be divided into three major groups.

3. He could have attended the lectures last year.

4. We couldn’t finish the work last time.

5. Scientists are now able to measure everything from stars to atoms and electrons.

6. Today’s airplanes are able to carry heavy loads.

7. We had to solve many problems when developing a new construction plant.

8. The potential difference must be maintained by some electrical source, e.g. an electrostatic generator.

8. Say if this statements are true or false. Use the model: “I agree..”, “ I don’t agree..”, “To my mind..”, “According to the text..”

1. An electric current is a flow of electrons. 2. Batteries and direct-current generators are sources of potential difference. 3. Batteries urge the electrons to move around a circuit continually in different directions. 4. The unit of electric current is called amper. 5. The motion of electrons in a circuit makes a magnetic field around conductor. 6. Different kinds of instruments are used to measure an electric current. 7. Silver is the best conductor of electric current.

9. Speak about electric circuits

UNIT13. MYKOLA PYLCHYKOV

1. Memorize the following words:

to track – стежити, слідкувати

deposits – родовища

to be regarded as – розглядатися як

selfless – самовідданий

legacy – спадщина, спадок

2. Translate the following international words without a dictionary

Professor, physicist, innovation, radar, electrophotography, radioactivity, geomag­netism, meteorology, optics, graphic, seismograph

3. Read and translate the text:

Mykola Pylchykov is a Ukrainian scientist-physicist, the professor of Kharkiv and Odessa universities and Kharkiv technological institute. He is often referred to as "a Ukrainian Edison". He made dozens of important discoveries and introduced innovations in many fields of science and tech­nology, radar tracking, electrophotography, radioactivity; X-rays, geomag­netism, meteorology and optics.

In 1883 he went to study the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly and the research he conducted there helped him lay the foundation of the theory of geomagnetism and determine principles of discovering iron ore deposits. For his discoveries in these fields he was awarded a medal by the Russian Geographic Society.

Mykola Pylchykov found a new method of studying acoustic vibrations with the help of graphic means, and his discoveries in this field were made years before foreign researches, Edison among them, had arrived at the similar results.

The scientist invented new instruments including seismograph. His in­vention in the field of physics was a revolutionary one: he found a way of controlling instruments and mechanisms by radio signals. He demonstrated his discovery on 5 April 1898, which can be regarded as the day when radio control was born. Later, Pylchykov created a model of a radio-controlled device to protect ships against mines, set up a meteorological station in the city of Kharkiv, in 1904.

He died when he was hardly over fifty leaving a vast scientific legacy. For his selfless work and talents Mykola Pylchykov should be remembered and honoured in Ukraine of today.