2.9. Infinitive.

Rule.

The infinitives are:

the to- infinitive E.g. I hope to see you soon. the bare infinitive (infinitive without to) E.g. He can’t help me.

The to- infinitive is used	The bare infinitive is used
1. To express purpose E.g. She went to the bank to get some money.	1. After modal verbs. (can, should, may, etc). E.g. You must study hard.
2. After certain verbs (advise, agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, manage, offer, promise, refuse, seem, want, pretend, etc.) E.g. He advised me to apply for the job.	2. After the verbs let, make, see, hear and feel. E.g. They made him pay for the damage.
3. After verbs such as know, decide, ask, learn, remember, want to know, etc., when they are followed by the question words (who, what, where, how). E.g. I can’t decide where to go. I want to know why you’ve decided to leave.	3. After had better and would rather. E.g. You had better sign the contract. I would rather go home.
4. After adjectives such as nice, sorry, glad, happy, willing, afraid, ashamed, etc. E.g. he is glad to be back.
5. After too and enough. E.g. She’s too shy to talk to the manager. We’ve got enough money to buy a new car.
6. After it+be+adjective (+of+noun / pronoun). E.g. It was nice of him to help.
7. After would like / would love / would prefer (to express specific preference). E.g. I would like to learn a foreign language.
8. After only to express an unsatisfactory result. E.g. He rushed to the back door only to discover that it was locked.

1. Write what the following words / phrases are followed by: to-infinitive (T.I.) or bare infinitive. (B.I.).

1. could + 2. agree + 3. let + 4. must+ 5. want + 6. learn + 7. decide + 8. promise +

B.I.

9. make smb + 10.seem + 11.expect + 12.can’t + 13.it is nice + 14.hope + 15.may + 16.advise +

2. In pairs, say what your parents (don't) let or (don't) make you do using the prompts below.

• watch TV late at night

• study hard

• go to the parties at the weekend

• wear anything I want

• tidy my room

• invite friends home

• have breakfast every morning

• play music loud

1. E.g. My parents don't let me watch TV late at night.

2. My parents make me study hard.

3. ………………………………………………………………………………. .

4. ………………………………………………………………………………. .

5. ………………………………………………………………………………. .

6. ………………………………………………………………………………. .

7. ………………………………………………………………………………. .

8. ………………………………………………………………………………. .

9. ………………………………………………………………………………. .

Tenses of the Infinitive.

The infinitive has four tenses in the active and two in the passive.

	Active	Passive
Present Refers to the present or future.	(to) give E.g. She wants to talk to him now.(present) Sandra wants to move to a new house next year. (future)	(to) be given E.g. He hopes to be given a pay rise soon.
Pres. Cont. Describes an action happening now.	(to) be giving E.g. he is believed to be hiding somewhere in the mountains.	----------
Perfect Refers to the past and shows that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb.	(to) have given E.g. She claims to have met Richard Gere. (first she met Richard Gere, then she claimed that she had met him).	(to) have been given E.g. He is said to have been injured in an accident.
Perf. Cont. Refers to the past and emphasises the duration of the action of the infinitive, which happened before the action of the verb.	(to) have been giving E.g. She is tired. She claims to have been working hard lately. (we emphasise what she has been doing lately).	----------

3. Complete the sentences with the correct infinitive tense.

1. She has grown taller.

She seems ...to have grown taller....

2. He is getting used to his new job

He appears ……………………………………………………………………….. . 3. Kate makes Friends easily.

She tends ……………………………………………………………………….. .

4. He has finished the report.

He claims ……………………………………………………………………….. .

5. It is raining over there.

It seems ……………………………………………………………………….. .

6. He is on a diet.

He appears ……………………………………………………………………….. . 7. They have sailed round the world.

They claim ……………………………………………………………………….. .

8. She is feeling better.

She seems ……………………………………………………………………….. .

4. Fill in the correct infinitive tense.

1. A: What would you like ...to do... (do) tonight?

B: Let's ……………….. (go) to an Italian restaurant,

2. A: What's Liz doing?

B: She seems ……………….. (look) for something in her bag.

3. A: Alan has been offered a new job.

B: No, he hasn't. He just pretended ……………….. (offer) a new job.

4. A: Colin claims……………….. (meet) lots of famous people.

B: I know, but I don’t believe him.

5. A: Look at those two men outside. What are they doing?

B: They appear ……………….. (empty) the rubbish bins.

6. A: Would you like to go to the cinema tonight?

B: Not really. I would prefer ……………….. (go) to the theatre.

7. A: Tara seems ……………….. (work) hard all morning.

B: Yes, she hasn't even stopped for a cup of coffee. 8. A: Why is Tom at work so early this morning? B: He wants ……………….. (finish) early so that he can go to the concert tonight.

The subject of the infinitive

• The subject of the infinitive is omitted when it is the same as the subject of the main verb.

E.g. She wants to leave now. (The subject of the main verb and the infinitive is “she”.)

• The subject of the infinitive is not omitted when it is different from the subject of the main verb. The subject of the infinitive comes before the infinitive and can be an object pronoun (me, you, them, or a name (Kate) or a noun (the woman).

E.g. She wants them to leave now (The subject of the main verb is “she”, whereas the subject of the infinitive is “them”.)

5. Rephrase the fallowing sentences, as in example.

1. He must wash the car.

I want …him to wash the car…..

2. You mustn't be late for work.

I don't want ……………………………………………………………………….

3. Claire must tidy her bedroom.

I want ……………………………………………………………………….

4. She mustn't go to the disco.

I don't want ……………………………………………………………………….

5. They must go to school tomorrow.

I want ……………………………………………………………………….

6. Gary mustn't make so much noise.

I don’t want ………………………………………………………………………. 7. You mustn't make a mess.

I don't want ……………………………………………………………………….

8. He must mend his bike.

I want ……………………………………………………………………….

Too / Enough.

E.g. He is too young to walk by himself.

There is enough snow to build a snowman.

Too	Enough
Comes before adjectives and adverbs. It shows that something is more enough, necessary or wanted, and has a negative meaning.	Comes after adjectives and adverbs, but before nouns. It shows that there is as much of something as is wanted or needed and it has a positive meaning.
Too+adj/adv+to-infin. E.g. Tim is too old to join the basketball team. They run too fast for me to catch them.	Adj/adv+ enough+ to-inf Enough+noun+to-inf E.g. He is clever enough to solve the problem. We have got enough money to go on holiday this year.
too … for somebody / something E.g. This plan is too complicated for me.	(not)+adj+enough+to-inf E.g. We are old enough to vote. (positive meaning0 We are not old enough to vote. (negative meaning).
too … for somebody / something + to-inf. E.g. This ring is too expensive for me to buy.

6. Complete the responses using too or enough.

1. Can she win the race? (fast)

Yes, she is fast enough.

2. Can he buy this car? (cheap)

No, ……………………………………………………………………….

3. Can he wear this jacket? (small)

No, ……………………………………………………………………….

4. Can she carry the bags? (heavy)

No, ……………………………………………………………………….

5. Can he hear the music? (loud)

No,

6. can he touch the ceiling? (short)

No, ……………………………………………………………………….

7. Rewrite the sentences using too or enough.

1. Don't wear a T-shirt it s cold outside. It's too cold outside to wear a T-shirt.

2. Its very hot today. Let's go to the beach.

It's ……………………………………………………………………….

3. We're not going to the party yet. It’s early.

It's ……………………………………………………………………….

4. You can’t touch the ceiling. You're short. You're not ……………………………………………………………………….

5. You can buy this sweater. It's cheap.

This sweater is ……………………………………………………………………… 6. You can walk to school alone. You aren't too young. You're……………………………………………………………………….

7. They can buy a luxury yacht. They're rich. They're……………………………………………………………………….

8. You can hit this box. It’s light.

This box ……………………………………………………………………….

8. Fill in “too” or “enough” with the adjectives from the list. Add an object where necessary

small, tall, warm, early, busy strong, difficult, tired

1. The exercise is …too difficult…t for me to do.

2. The shoes are ………………………… (wear).

3. We didn't go to the beach last weekend because it wasn't ………………………… (swim).

4. She isn’t ………………………… (lift) the weights.

5. I’m ………………………… (do) ironing now.

6. We weren't ………………………… (get) good seats for the concert.

7. She can't go out tonight. She's ………………………with her homework (go) out tonight.

8. He isn’t ………………………… in the basketball team.

2.9. The –ing form.

Windsurfing is a popular summer sport.

A lot of young people spend hours windsurfing.

The –ing form is used

1. As a noun.

E.g. Swimming keeps you fit.

2. After prepositions.

E.g. He left without saying goodbye.

3. After love, like, enjoy, dislike, hate and prefer to express general preferences.

E.g. .She likes going for long walks.

4. After certain verbs (consider, avoid, deny, look forward to, confess to, fancy, involve, mention, risk, spend, mind, regret, admit, suggest, imagine, etc).

E.g. Jessica spent all day shopping.

5. After go for activities.

E.g. They often go climbing at the weekends.

6. After: it’s no use, it’s (not) worth, it’s no good, be busy, what’s the use of..?, there is no point in, can’t help, can’t stand, be / get used to, have difficulty (in).

E.g. It’s no use waiting for the bus. It won’t come.

7. After the verbs see, hear, feel, watch, listen to and notice to describe an incomplete action, that is to say that somebody saw, heard, etc. only a part of the action.

e.g. I heard Jack talking on the phone.

1. Underline the correct preposition and fill in the gaps with the -ing form of the

verb in brackets.

1. He is ill. He is complaining with / about ...having... (have) a headache.

2. Marcus went out instead for / of ……………….. (do) his homework.

3. Tracy was very excited with / about ……………….. (go) to the party.

4. I hope you have a good excuse of / for ……………….. (be) so late. 5. Sam is interested in / for ……………….. (take up) French lessons. 6. You can't stop him to / from ……………….. (take) the job if he wants to.

7. Susie ran because she was worried about / of ……………….. (miss) the bus.

8. Thank you to /for ……………….. (help) me with my homework.

9. She felt tired because she wasn't used to / with ……………….. (work) so hard.

10. His boss warned him for / of ……………….. (lose) the deal.

11. I am in charge in / of ……………….. (make) the Christmas deliveries.

12. We are thinking of / from ……………….. (buy) a new car next month.

13. Sandra apologised for / about ……………….. (ruin) the performance.

14. Ian was talking with / about ……………….. (open) a shop in York.

Infinitive

–ing form

The to-infinitive is used -to express purpose. He went to university to become a lawyer (in order to become) -after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse etc). He refused to pay the bill. -after certain adjectives (happy, glad, sorry, etc). She was happy to win the prize. -after I would like/would love/would prefer to express specific preference. I'd like to see the manager. -after certain nouns. What a surprise to see him there! -after too/enough He's too young to have his own car. He’s clever enough to do the crossword. -with: It+be+adjective (+of+noun/pronoun). It was generous of him to offer £1,000. -with: so+adjective+as. Would you be so kind as to help me move the sofa? -with “only” to express an unsatisfactory result. She came in only to find Bob had left. -after: be+ he first/second etc/next /last/best etc. He was the last to come to work. -in the expression: for+noun/pronoun +to -inf. For him to be so rude was unforgivable. -in expressions such as: to tell you the truth, to begin with, to be honest etc. To be honest, I don't like him. Note: If two Infinitives are joined by “and” or “or”, the “to” of the second infinitive can be omitted. I want to call Mr Junes and fax or post him a letter

The -ing form is used -as a noun. Walking is good exercise. -after certain verbs (admit anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (physical activities), imagine, involve, keep(= continue), mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand etc). They discussed selling the company -after: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express general preference. She likes painting, (in general). * Note: like + to-lnf = it's a good idea I like to wash my hair every day. -after: I'm busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no point (in), cant stand, have difficulty (in), in addition to, as wall ash have trouble, have a hard/difficult time. He can't stand being treated like a stave. He had difficulty finding his way back. -after: spend/waste (lime, money etc). He spends his tree time (in) digging the garden. -after prepositions. He left the shop without paying so he was accused of stealing. -after: look forward to, be/get used to, be/get accustomed to, object to, admit (to), et. I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon. -after: hear, listen, notice, see, watch to express an incomplete action, an action in progress or a long action. I saw Tim doing his homework. BUT: hear, listen, see, watch+Inf without to express a complete action something I saw Tim do his homework. It took him an hour.

2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -ing form.

1. I would like … to go … (go) out tonight.

2. He hates ……………….. (play) cards.

3. She is too excited ……………….. (sleep).

4. You must ……………….. (get up) early in the morning

5. I regret ……………….. (spend) so much money last weekend.

6. They go ……………….. (run) every Tuesday evening.

7. I saw Helen ……………….. (wash) the dishes. It took her only ten minutes.

8. I started ……………….. (learn) French two years ago.

9. He was very pleased ……………….. (see) her again.

10. The dentist advised him ……………….. (stop) eating sweets.

3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -ing form.

1. Is Anne in the room?

Yes. I can see her … dancing … (dance) with her husband over there.

2. Did you see the robber?

Yes. I saw him ……………….. (get) into the car and drive away.

3. Is John here today?

Yes. I heard him ……………….. (talk) on the phone as I walked past his office.

4. Colin is good at speaking in public, isn't he?

Yes I heard him ……………….. (make) a speech last month. It was excellent.

5. I walked past the sports centre today.

So did I, and I stopped for a moment to watch some boys ……………….. (play) football.

6. Your hair looks great today.

Thanks. I watched the hairdresser ……………….. (dry) it so I could learn how to do it myself.

7. Thai's a music school, isn't it?

Thai's right. I often hear the students ……………….. (sing) as I walk past.

8. Did you stay until the end of the contest?

Yes. I listened to the chairman ……………….. (announce) the results before I went home.

9. How do you know Tim is at home?

I saw him ……………….. (cut) the grass as I was driving home.

10. How do you know that man stole the watch?

I saw him ……………….. (put) it in his pocket and leave the shop without paying.

4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form or the -ing form.

1. I don’t know what ...to do... (do) at the weekend.

I fancy ………………. .(go) to the cinema, but none of my friends enjoy ……………….. (watch) films very much.

2. Paul had his driving test today. He tried ……………….. (not / make) any mistakes, but he failed. He expects ………………… (pass) the test the next time he takes it.

3. Torn often goes ……………….. (walk) at the weekends. He doesn't like ……………….. (take) anyone with him because he prefers ……………….. (be) alone while he walks.

4. We had better ……………….. (hurry) home tonight because our parents have promised ……………….. (take) us out for dinner. I don't know why they want ……………….. (eat) out. But we must ……………….. (arrive) home on time.

5. James is rich and can afford ……………….. (buy) expensive things. He is always willing ……………….. (lend) money to people who need it, because he

enjoys ……………….. (help) others.

6. My parents let me ……………….. (slay) at my friends house last weekend. They agreed ……………….. (take) me in the car and they made me ……………….. (promise) to behave myself. It was a great weekend!

5. Correct the mistakes.

1. I'm not too tall to reach the top cupboard.

2. He is enough fast to win the race.

3. I'm old enough travelling alone.

4. You must to gel up now.

5. She suggested to go to the cinema on Friday night.

6. He promised sending me a postcard.

7. Its no use to try to change her mind.

8. She knocked before to open the door.

9. He is tired enough to come to the party.

10. I am poor enough to buy a new sports car.