- •Chapter I
- •Text 1 crude oil transportation
- •Text 2 pipelines
- •Text 3 natural gas pipelines
- •Text 4 pumps
- •(Liquefied natural gas)
- •Text 6 marine tankers
- •Text 7 automatic custody transfer
- •Text 8 Facility Layout
- •Text 9 Deeper water, moderate sea states
- •Petroleum Marketing
- •Chapter II
- •10.1 What is the main idea of the article?
- •10.2 Explain the following words or words-combinations.
- •10.3 Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
- •10.4 True, false.
- •10.5 Put up four questions of different types (general, special, disjunctive, alternative) to each sentence.
- •Text 11 Heavy-Oil Pipelines
- •11.1 Explain the following words or word-combinations.
- •11.2 Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
- •11.3 True, false.
- •11.4 Put the verbs in brackets into the proper grammar tense.
- •Text 12 Pipeline Project
- •12.1 What is the main idea of the article?
- •12.2 Explain the following words or word-combinations.
- •12.3 Transform the affirmative sentences into the negative and interrogative ones.
- •12.4 Put the verbs in brackets into the proper grammar tense and voice.
- •12.5 Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
- •Text 13 Moving Heavy Oil
- •13.1 Explain the following words and word-combinations.
- •13.2 What does this article focus on?
- •13.3 Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
- •13.4 False, true.
- •13.5 Make the sentences negative and interrogative.
- •Text 14 Coating Selection
- •14.1 What is the main idea of the article?
- •14.2 Explain the following words and world-combinations.
- •14.3 Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
- •14.4 False, true.
- •Text 15 Coating Qualification, Process
- •15.1 What is the main idea of the article?
- •15.2 Explain the following words and word combinations.
- •15.3 Choose the necessary word and complete the following sentences.
- •15.4 False, true.
- •Text 16 Construction Part I
- •16.1 What does this article focus on?
- •16.2 False, true.
- •16.3 Explain the following words and word-combinations.
- •16.4 Make the following sentences interrogative.
- •16.5 Choose the necessary word and put it in the sentence.
- •Text 17 Construction Part II
- •17.1 What is this article about?
- •17.2 Explain the following words and word-combinations.
- •17.3 Choose the necessary word and complete the sentence.
- •17.4 False, true.
- •17.5 Put the verbs in brackets in a proper grammar tense and voice.
- •Text 18 fsu Oil Exports Through Iran Set to Increase
- •18.1 What does the article focus on?
- •18.2 Explain the following words and phrases.
- •18.3 False, true.
- •18.4 Choose the necessary word or word-combination and complete the following sentences.
- •18.5 Make the following sentences interrogative.
- •Text 19 More Movements
- •19.1 What is the article about?
- •19.2 Explain the following words and word-combinations.
- •19.3 Choose the necessary word or word-combination and put it in the sentence.
- •References
Petroleum Marketing
Crude oil, natural gas, refined products, and petrochemicals are sold into commodity markets. Commodities are mass-produced, unspecialized products, with high fungibility, having characteristics so similar that they are interchangeable. For example, light sweet crude oil is fungible because a barrel produced in West Texas and one produced in Saudi Arabia would produce similar mixes of products if processed in the same refinery.
Taking a broad view of petroleum marketing, it involves
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Transporting the product to a point where custody transfer is feasible
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Providing storage facilities where necessary
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Balancing production and demand
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Obtaining the best possible price
Chapter II
Text 10
New Operation Strategies in Heavy Crude Pipeline will Increase Profit Margin
An engineering study for a heavy–oil pipeline in Venezuela has confirmed the design of optimizing the temperature of crude entering the pipeline to levels that will increase throughput and reduce the size of the heaters at the pump station.
The study found that throughput for heavy crude pipelines is not necessarily a simple function of crude inlet temperature as common as believed in normal crude pipelines.
Varying the pipeline inlet temperature for each type of crude enables the optimization of pipeline capacity and minimizes heating costs.
Of four heating schemes evaluated, one yielded the lowest heater capital and fuel costs. This operational procedure required delicate control of crude temperature to balance heating and pumping performances. Heater installation and annual operating costs could be reduced by 25% to 60% in comparison with other evaluated operating procedures.
With significant reduction in equipment capitals cost and increased operating profit found in this study, the use of such new operating strategies is highly attractive. Potential profits by operating the pipeline in this new procedure should be explored by pipeline operators and designers.
A simple test program should be conducted to establish the flow-temperature relationship for various crude oils.
Questions:
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What has engineering study for a heavy-oil pipeline confirmed?
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The operation produce required delicate control of crude temperature, didn’t it?
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What should be explored by pipeline operators and designers?
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Could installation and annual operating costs be reduced in comparison with other evaluated operating procedures?
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What should be conducted to establish the flow – temperature relationship for various crude oils?