- •Содержание
- •Введение
- •Unit I. Materials
- •I. Materials Composite materials
- •History
- •Moulding7 methods
- •Vacuum bag moulding
- •Pressure bag moulding
- •Autoclave moulding
- •Resin transfer moulding (rtm)
- •Tooling9
- •II. Basic Types of Deformation
- •III. Method of Sections.14 Stress
- •Exsercises
- •Unit II. Tension and compression
- •I. Tension and compression
- •I. Longitudinal19 Strain. Stress. Hooke’s Law
- •Example
- •II. Lateral Strain23 in Tension and Compression
- •III. Experimental Study of Materials in Tension
- •IV. Tension Test Diagram and It’s Characteristic Points
- •V. Strain Hardening
- •Exsercises
- •Unit III. Wat is what in aviation Aviation for amateurs
- •Yaw Wings
- •Various Airfoils
- •Lift and Drag
- •Wing Approaching the Stall
- •Exsercises
- •Unit IV. Rotary wing aircraft Augusta Westland a109 Power Light Multi-Role Helicopter, Italy
- •Police helicopter
- •Augusta Westland a119 Koala Single Turbine Light Helicopter, Italy
- •Multi-role helicopter
- •Aw119 ke (Koala Enhanced)
- •Augusta Westland aw139 Medium Twin-Engine Helicopter, Italy / uk / usa
- •Key players
- •Development and certification
- •Augusta Westland eh101 Medium-Lift Helicopter, Italy / United Kingdom
- •Eh101 heliliner
- •Eh101 commercial utility
- •Exsercises
- •Unit V. International airliners Bombardier Challenger 300 Super Midsize Corporate Business Jet, Canada
- •Deliveries and orders
- •Construction
- •Atr 42 Twin Turboprop Passenger Aircraft, Europe
- •Atr 42 aircraft design
- •Arj21 Regional Jet Aircraft, China
- •Flight deck
- •Bae 146 Short / Medium-Range Airliner, United Kingdom
- •Exsercises
- •Unit VI. Company sukhoi Sukhoi
- •Sukhoi Russian Regional Jet (rrj)
- •Variants
- •Exsercises
- •Unit VII. Mig-29 (mikoyan-gurevich)
- •Exsercises
- •Unit VIII. Engines
- •Exsercises
- •Unit IX. Optimization of engine Optimization of Engine Parameters
- •Exsercises
- •Unit X. Radar Airborne Radar
- •Exsercises
- •English and american measures
- •Обязательный лексический минимум
- •Заключение
- •Библиографический список
УДК 539.3
ББК 30.121
Рецензенты:
Профессор кафедр «Самолетостроение», «Телекоммуникационные технологии и сети» УлГУ, доктор технических наук, профессор А. А. Смагин; доцент кафедры иностранных языков УлГПУ им. Ульянова, кандидат педагогических наук Л. Е. Смирнова.
Одобрено секцией методических пособий научно-методического совета университета
Т
60
ENGLISH FOR AIRCRAFBILDERS учебное пособие к практическим занятиям по курсу «Английский язык» / сост. M. A. Morozova, V. E. Trushnikov. – Ульяновск: УлГТУ, 2010. – 122 с.
Учебное пособие к практическим занятиям составлено в соответствии с программой дисциплины «Английский язык». Содержит сведения о самолетостроительной отрасли по таким направлениям как материалы, конструкция, характеристики, типы летательных аппаратов на английском языке.
Предназначено для студентов, обучающихся по специальностям 23020165 «Информационные системы и технологии», 16020165 «Самолето- и вертолетостроение».
УДК 539.3
ББК 30.121
© Trushnikov V. E., Morozova M. A., 2010.
© Оформление. УлГТУ, 2010.
Содержание
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ 2
ВВЕДЕНИЕ 3
UNIT I. MATERIALS 4
UNIT II. TENSION AND COMPRESSION 13
UNIT III. WAT IS WHAT IN AVIATION 29
Aviation for amateurs 29
UNIT IV. ROTARY WING AIRCRAFT 50
UNIT V. INTERNATIONAL AIRLINERS 58
UNIT VI. COMPANY SUKHOI 65
Sukhoi Russian Regional Jet (RRJ) 75
UNIT VII. MIG-29 (MIKOYAN-GUREVICH) 78
MiG-29 fulcrum (Mikoyan-Gurevich) 78
UNIT VIII. ENGINES 91
UNIT IX. OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE 98
Optimization of Engine Parameters 98
UNIT X. RADAR 103
ENGLISH AND AMERICAN MEASURES 110
ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЙ МИНИМУМ 112
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ 119
БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК 120
Введение
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов самолетостроительных специальностей университетов. Пособие разработано для курса дисциплины «Английский язык» по программе пролонгированного, профессионально направленного обучения и может быть использовано, как основное методическое пособие при обучении навыку чтения и говорения, формирования умения переводить специальные тексты технической направленности в рамках курса «Профессиональный английский» – для углублённого изучения предмета.
В пособии представлены тексты, компилированные из аутентичной литературы по таким направлениям самолётостроения как материалы, конструкция, характеристики, типы летательных аппаратов. Содержание текстов, отражающих специфику специальности, позволяет значительно расширить возможности будущих специалистов в процессе осуществления информационного поиска для решения исследовательских задач, задач модернизации современного наукоёмкого производства.
Тексты сопровождаются сносками, снимающими лексические трудности, в приложении представлены информация по способам перевода наиболее сложных грамматических явлений, что способствует повышению уровня адекватности перевода.
Интересные по содержанию и разнообразные по структуре тексты могут стать основой для диспута в рамках аудиторных занятий по дисциплине и выполнения творческих индивидуальных и групповых заданий.
Unit I. Materials
I. Materials Composite materials
Composite materials (or composites for short) are engineered material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties which remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure.
History
Wood is a natural composite of cellulose fibers in a matrix lignin1. The most primitive man made composite materials were straw and mud combined to form bricks for building construction; the Biblical Book of Exodus speaks of the Israelites being oppressed by Pharaoh, by being forced to make bricks without straw being provided. The ancient brick-making process can still be seen on Egyptian tomb paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The most advanced examples perform routinely on spacecraft in demanding environments. The most visible applications pave our roadways in the form of either steel and aggregate reinforced Portland cement2 or asphalt concrete. Those composites closest to our personal hygiene form our shower stalls and bath tubs made of fiberglass.3 Solid surface, imitation granite and cultured marble sinks and counter tops are widely used to enhance our living experiences.
Composites are made up of individual materials referred to as constituent materials. There are two categories of constituent materials: matrix and reinforcement. At least one portion of each type is required. The matrix material surrounds and supports the reinforcement materials by maintaining their relative positions. The reinforcements impart their special mechanical and physical properties to enhance the matrix properties. A synergism produces material properties unavailable from the individual constituent materials, while the wide variety of matrix and strengthening materials allows the designer of the product or structure to choose an optimum combination.
Engineered composite materials must be formed to shape. The matrix material can be introduced to the reinforcement before or after the reinforcement material is placed into the mold cavity or onto the mold surface. The matrix material experiences a melding event, after which the part shape is essentially set. Depending upon the nature of the matrix material, this melding event can occur in various ways such as chemical polymerization or solidification from the melted state.
A variety of molding methods can be used according to the end-item design requirements. The principal factors impacting the methodology are the natures of the chosen matrix and reinforcement materials. Another important factor is the gross quantity of material to be produced. Large quantities can be used to justify high capital expenditures for rapid and automated manufacturing technology. Small production quantities are accommodated with lower capital expenditures but higher labor and tooling costs at a correspondingly slower rate.
Most commercially produced composites use a polymer matrix material often called a resin solution. There are many different polymers available depending upon the starting raw ingredients. There are several broad categories, each with numerous variations. The most common are known as polyester, vinyl ester4, epoxy5, phenol6, polyimide, polyamide, polypropylene, and others. The reinforcement materials are often fibers but also commonly ground minerals. The various methods described below have been developed to reduce the resin content of the final product, or the fiber content is increased. As a rule of thumb, lay up results in a product containing 60 % resin and 40 % fiber, whereas vacuum infusion gives a final product with 40 % resin and 60 % fiber content. The strength of the product is greatly dependent on this ratio.