Задания для аудиторной работы и срс great britain, england

Exercises

1. Answer the following questions:

A. 1. What symbols does the English flag contain? How is it different from the Union Flag?

The Flag of England is the St George's Cross.

Union flag is made up up of the individual Flags of three of the Kingdom's countries all united under one Sovereign - the countries of 'England, of 'Scotland' and of 'Northern Ireland (St. George's Cross, St. Andrew's Cross and St. Patrick's Cross)

2. What is the origin of the "three Lions of Anjou" and where is the symbol used?

King Henry I (1100-1135) was known as the 'Lion of Justice', and kept a small zoo which included lions. He either used two lions on his shield (as Duke of Normandy, a state whose flag has two lions) to start with, or used one from his nickname then added the other upon his second marriage to Adeliza of Louvain (1121), whose symbol was also a lion. The two-lion shield was thus a personal one for the king, not the country as a whole. Henry's grandson later came to the throne as Henry II (1154-1189), and married the doughty Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose symbol was yet another lion. By the year 1195 their son, Richard I, had combined his parents' arms (having shoved his father off the throne) to form three lions.

`The original banner of King Richard the Lionheart, still used as a national symbol of England.

3. What alternative names for England and the English do you know? What do they mean?

Sassenachs A name still used by many Scots to denote the English

Albion A Roman name for Great Britain,

Geordies A colloquial name for, strictly, a native of Tyneside in northeast Eng­land

Limeys The American colloquial name for the British

3. What are the national anthem and the unofficial national anthems of England?

England has no official National anthem of its own; generally the United Kingdom anthem, "God Save the Queen", is used.

Many people, like the England Rugby team, prefer a more patrionic song for England such as Land of Hope and Glory or Jerusalem.

3. What are the principal geographic characteristics of England and what is its climate?

England is in north-west Europe and is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is an island country and also part of the United Kingdom (UK) . England is the largest country in Great Britain and the UK.

The overall climate in England is called temperate maritime. This means that it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0ºC in winter and not much higher than 32ºC in summer. It also means that it is damp and is subject to frequent changes.

3. What is the population of England and what were the principal waves of migration to the island of Great Britain?

49,561,800 (2002)

The principal waves of migration have been in c. 600 BC (Celts), the Roman period (garrison soldiers from throughout the Empire), 350-550 (Angles, Saxons, Jutes), 800-900 (Vikings, Danes), 1066 (Normans), 1650-1750 (European refugees and Huguenots), 1880-1940 (Jews), 1950-1985 (Caribbeans, Africans, South Asians), 1985-present (East Europeans, Kurds, refugees).

The general prosperity of England has also made it a destination for economic migrants particularly from Ireland and Scotland. This diverse ethnic mix continues to create a diverse and dynamic language that is widely used internationally.

3. What were the traditional counties of England and where does the word come from?

The ancient counties of England are historic subdivisions of England established for administration by the Normans. These divisions had emerged from a range of units of old, pre-unification England, whether they were Kingdoms, such as Essex and Sussex; Duchies, such as Yorkshire, Cornwall and Lancashire or simply tracts of land given to some noble, as is the case with Berkshire.

3. What is the English capital's population and what is called Greater London?

The administrative area was officially created in 1965 and covers the City of London, including Middle Temple and Inner Temple, and the 32 London boroughs (including the City of Westminster). It covers 607 square miles and had a 2006 mid-year estimated population of 7,512,400

3. What are the major landmarks of London and what river does it stand on?

The south of England is mostly low-lying land, with hills and agricultural land and the north of England is mostly covered in moorland and mountains. River the Thames

England is a land of ancient cities, royal palaces, massive cathedrals, and legendary sites. Mighty castles, stately homes, glorious gardens, and tiny picturesque villages enhance the natural beauty of the countryside

3. What monu­ments of pre-Roman England can you name?

Stonehenge is the most famous prehistoric monument in Britain. It is a circle of stones. Stonehenge is situated on Salisbury Plain in the county of Wiltshire.

3. What imprint did the Roman Empire leave on England and what physical evidence of its occupation can still be found?

Looking out on the green and cultivated land, where it is not disfigured by the inevitable cities and towns and villages of later civilizations -- those dark Satanic mills so loathed by William Blake -- he can see what seem to be anomalies on the hillsides -- strange bumps and mounds; remains of terraced or plowed fields; irregular slopes that bespeak ancient hill forts; strangely carved designs in the chalk; jagged teeth of upstanding megaliths; stone circles of immense breadth and height and ancient, mysterious wells and springs

3. What were the most ancient tribes on English territory and who were the invaders after the Romans

The Celts were farmers and lived in small village groups in the centre of their arable fields. They were also warlike people. The Celts fought against the people of Britain and other Celtic tribes.

The Romans were the first to invade us and came to Britain nearly 2000 years ago. Britain was part of the Roman Empire for almost 400 years!

When they had gone there was no strong army to defend Britain, and tribes called the Angle, Saxon, and Jute (the Anglo-Saxons) invaded.

The Viking Age in Britain began about 1,200 years ago in the 8th Century AD and lasted for 300 years.

3. What important event marking a new era happened in the 11^th century?

Medieval Britain (Normans). The invading Normans defeat the Saxons

3. When did the shift from the feudal system to democracy in England begin?

The first stepping stone to the emergence of democracy was the destruction of feudalism and the stabilization of monarchical authority. The old hierarchic social order did not dissolve completely, but it became more elastic and adjusted itself to the new conditions. The stabilization of monarchical authority and the growth of nation-state lessened the importance of feudalism. Till the 15th century, England was a cluster of counties divided among various feudal lords with a monarch dependent on them for military and financial support. The growth of the nation-state diminished the importance of feudal lords. Agreements were made with the feudal barons to serve for pay, with a stipulated retinue of mercenary soldiers.

3. What was the role of castles in English history and what are some of the most famous of them?

The old Medieval Castle were a symbol of wealth and power and were often the centre of historic battles and Medieval sieges! These great old castles were built for Medieval warfare and defence.

The Tower of London is the most famous Medieval English castle. Hever Castle, Windsor Castle, Warwick Castle, Leeds CASTLE

3. Who are the most famous monarchs of the Tudor dynasty and what are they famous for?

The Tudors were Welsh. They brought peace to England after 150 years of virtually continuous warfare, encouraged new religious ideas, overseas exploration and colonisation.

• King Henry VII 1485 - 1509

• King Henry VIII 1509 - 1547

• King Edward VI 1547 - 1553

• Jane Grey 1554

• Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary) 1553 - 1558

• Queen Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603

3. What were the reasons for the Civil War of 1642 in England?

The English Civil War has many causes but the personality of Charles I must be counted as one of the major reasons. Few people could have predicted that the civil war, that started in 1642, would have ended with the public execution of  Charles. Clash between the Parliamentarians and the King. Essentially the (educated) people wanted more of a say in the running of the country

B. 16. What colonies did the British Empire have and for how long?

The Ireland became the first home colony

The British eventually established thirteen colonies in America:

Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island New York Connecticut New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

Canada, Ost India, islands of West India, Egypt

17. What lan­guages and dialects are spoken in England?

English, Welsh, Scots Gaelic

18. Does England have a central government of its own?

The pattern of local government in England is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to the local arrangements. Legislation concerning local government in England is decided by the Parliament and Government of the United Kingdom, because England does not have a devolved parliament or regional assemblies.

19. What are the most famous English schools and when were they founded?

The two most famous schools in England Eton and Harrow were founded in 1440 by King Henry 6th and 1571 respectively. Winchester is England’s oldest public school, was founded in 1382 by William of Wykeham.

20. How is English law different from that of Scotland and Northern Ireland?

The legal system of England & Wales is different from that of Scotland or Northern Ireland. Each has its own court system and body of laws. English law is derived from English common law with a heavy influence of medieval Germanic sources. Scottish common law is derived from Roman law roots but has, over the past few centuries, developed many affinities with the English common law. The traditional barrister/solicitor distinction is present throughout the United Kingdom although in Scotland, a "barrister" is called an "advocate".

21. What is law enforcement and what is the formal name for Scotland Yard?

Scotland Yard is often used as a metonym for the Metropolitan Police Service of London, UK. Commonly known as the "Met", the force is responsible for law enforcement within Greater London, excluding the square mile of the City of London, which is covered by the City of London Police. The London Underground and national rail network are the responsibility of the British Transport Police.

22. What is the official Church of England and how did it come into being?

The official religion of England is Christianity, as practised by the Church of England (Anglican). By the Fifth Article of the Union with Ireland 1800, the Church of England and Church of Ireland were united into "one Protestant Episcopal Church, to be called, The United Church of England and Ireland". Although this union was declared "an essential and fundamental Part of the Union", nevertheless the Irish Church Act 1869 separated the Irish part of the Church again and disestablished it, the Act coming into effect on 1 January 1871.

23. What are the most famous British TV channels and newspapers?

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Independent Television (ITV) Channel 4 Channel Five British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB)

The Independent and The Times The Sun and The Mirror, and the middle-market papers, The Daily Express and The Daily Mail. Financial Times The Daily Telegraph

24. What are the most popular kinds of sports and competi­tions in England?

Lewis Carroll Mark Twain Rudyard Kipling Thomas Hardy Sir Arthur Conan Doyle William Maugham William Shakespeare George Elliot

26. What are the major English Bank Holidays and what festivals are they associated with?

New Year's Day 1 January

Good Friday The Friday before Easter Sunday

Easter Monday The day after Easter Sunday

May Day or Early May Bank Holiday First Monday in May

Spring Bank Holiday Last Monday in May

Summer Bank Holiday Last Monday in August

St Andrew's Day 30 November

Christmas Day 25 December

Boxing Day, St. Stephen's Day 26 December

27. What can you say about the English cuisine before the Gastronomic Revolution of the 1960s?

Whalemeat rissoles, synthetic custard, dried egg, mock cream – Second World War rationing wreaked havoc on the already shaky reputation of British food. Who needed a chef when the Ministry of Food was recommending such practices as slicing a cold joint thinly, covering it with hot gravy and serving it as roast meat? When it came to eating in restaurants, the diner knew his place. All a manager needed to say was, “Don’t you know there’s a war on?” to silence any complaints. Even after the war, eating out was a lottery, because rationing continued until 1954, and the bad food and bad habits carried on for much longer.

When the journalist and social historian Raymond Postgate started his Campaign against Cruelty to Food, he galvanised an army of like-minded people to report on places where the food was decent, leading to the publication of The Good Food Guide in 1951. To give some idea of what Postgate’s army was up against, one meal, recorded by a horrified Guide reporter at the time, included: ‘a “minestrone” of sliced vegetables in coloured water; scampi, tough and tasteless; roast lamb, cut thin, overcooked to brownness in a weak beef extract gravy; and an aniline-coloured gateau with fake cream.’ Fifties: austerity Britain In those early editions of The Good Food Guide, nearly every restaurant was actually a pub or an inn. If you counted the number of proper dining destinations outside London you were lucky to hit 30. Criteria for inclusion extended to ‘any place where food could be eaten without nausea, where the helpings were not derisively tiny, and the staff not directly rude’.

Postgate’s aim in setting up the Guide was to establish the same standards of freshness and quality of food that existed in France. But by the end of the 1950s he had to admit there were, at the most, 20 restaurants in Britain where the cooking deserved the two adjectives ‘individual’ and ‘artistic’. George Perry-Smith’s Hole in the Wall in Bath was probably the single most influential restaurant of the post-war years. His menus, inspired by food writer Elizabeth David, were extraordinary for the time, offering an eclectic range of dishes from the Mediterranean and beyond – bouillabaisse with rouille, tarragon chicken, goulash and coulibiac

28. What do traditional English breakfast and Sunday dinner consist of?

Most people around the world seem to think a typical English breakfast consists of eggs, bacon, sausages, fried bread, mushrooms and baked beans all washed down with a cup of coffee. Now-a-days, however, a typical English breakfast is more likely to be a bowl of cereals, a slice of toast, orange juice and a cup of coffee.

The traditional meal is rarely eaten nowadays, apart from on Sundays. A recent survey found that most people in Britain eat curry! Rice or pasta dishes are now favoured as the 'British Dinner'.

Vegetables grown in England, like potatoes, carrots, peas, cabbages and onions, are still very popular.

Sunday lunch time is a typical time to eat the traditional Sunday Roast

29. What other dishes and drinks are now popular in England?

British food has traditionally been based on beef, lamb, pork, chicken and fish and generally served with potatoes and one other vegetable. The most common and typical foods eaten in Britain include the sandwich, fish and chips, pies like the cornish pasty, trifle and roasts dinners.

Coffee, tea, wine

30. What English icons can you name? De­scribe them. Do you know of any other icons not mentioned in the textbook?

Pudding, The Scouts, Robin Hood, Queuing, Big Ben, Cricket, A Cup of Tea, The Pub, Oxbridge, The Thames, The Black Cab, Tower of London

The Tube Map Magna Carta

31. Who are the famous historic and legendary figures of England?

Elizabeth I Henry VIII Henry VII Venerable Bede William of Normandy Richard the Lionheart Lord Nelson Egbert of Wessex King Arthur Winston Churchil