Вариант №5

1. Переведите письменно существительные (1-10). Выберите определения

(a – j), соответствующие существительным:

1) cost	a) the state of possessing money (gained by trade or business) or resulting in advantage
2) depreciation	b) an amount of money which must be paid to the government according to income, property, goods bought etc.
3) salary	c) a stated sum of money paid regularly for the use of a room, building, land, etc.
4) rent	d) an agreement by contract to pay money to someone if something, like death or an accident, happens to them
5) profitability	e) money that one receives as payment from the company or organization one works for
6) loan	f) the amount of money paid or needed for buying, doing, or producing something
7) insurance	g) tiring physical work; workers, especially those who use their hands, considered as a group or class
8) tax	h) the state of falling in value or representing little value
9) output	i) money which is lent
10) labour	j) production

2. a) Выполните КОПР № 3, 5.

б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) The government has been playing no role in the management of the economy for many years.

2) The partners are receiving the purchase next week.

3) When the negotiation started the parties were discussing the delivery contract.

3. a) Выполните КОПР № 1.

б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните герундий и инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) To persuade consumers to buy products is the main objective of advertising.

2) The Government passed a bill on reducing taxes.

3) To acquire wealth is not easy, yet to keep it is even more difficult.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что инфинитивные обороты часто соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. To remain competitive the company should maintain and increase efficiency.

2. They expect the cargo to be delivered immediately.

3) Advertisers are likely to use different emotional appeals as sales are low.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2.

Classification of Costs

1. Costs are usually measured in money and include such things as wages, rent, rates, interest, and the amounts of money paid for raw materials, fuel power, transport, etc. In general, economists define the following types of costs. Fixed costs are costs which do not vary when output varies. They are associated with the fixed factors of production, and include such things as interest payment on loans and bonds, insurance premiums, local and state property taxes, rent payments, executive salaries and depreciation. Variable costs are costs which are related directly to output. The most obvious items of variable costs are the wages labor, the costs of raw materials, and fuel and power. Variable costs are often described as direct or prime costs.

2. Total costs include fixed and variable costs. When output is zero, total costs will be equal to fixed costs since variable costs will be zero. When production commences, total costs will begin rise as production increases, because there must be some increase in variable costs as output expands. Average costs (or costs per unit) are equal to total costs. When output is small, average costs will be spread over a small number of units of output. As output increases, average cost will tend to fall as each unit has a smaller element of fixed costs.

3. Marginal costs are extra costs from producing one more unit of output. Marginal costs are an increase in variable costs because fixed costs do not change. Marginal costs allow the business to determine the profitability of increasing or decreasing production by a few units.

depreciation – амортизация, изнашивание; обесценивание, снижение стоимости.

6. Определите, являются ли приведенные ниже утверждения (1, 2, 3)

а) истинными (true)

б) ложными (false)

в) в тексте нет информации (no information)

1) Average costs are not equal to total costs.

2) As fixed costs do not change marginal costs are an increase in variable costs.

3) Cars’ value usually depreciates by about $1000 in the first year.

7. Прочитайте абзац 3 и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

Do marginal costs determine the profitability of increasing or decreasing production by a few units?