МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

«САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ АЭРОКОСМИЧЕСКОГО ПРИБОРОСТРОЕНИЯ»

Лексикологический анализ текста

РАБОТУ ВЫПОЛНИЛА

СТУДЕНТКА ГР.	6832к				П. С. Кухаренко

Санкт-Петербург 2010

BEAT! BEAT! DRUMS!

by Walt Whitman (1819-1892)

1. ВEAT! beat! drums! -blow! bugles! blow!

2. Through the windows - through doors - burst like a ruthless force,

3. Into the solemn church, and scatter the congregation,

4. Into the school where the scholar is studying;

5. Leave not the bridegroom quiet - no happiness must he have now with his bride,

6. Nor the peaceful farmer any peace, ploughing his field or gathering his grain,

7. So fierce you whirr and pound you drums - so shrill you bugles blow.

8. Beat! beat! drums! - blow! bugles! blow!

9. Over the traffic of cities - over the rumble of wheels in the streets;

10. Are beds prepared for sleepers at night in the houses? no sleepers must sleep in those beds,

11. No bargainers' bargains by day - no brokers or speculators - would they continue?

12. Would the talkers be talking? would the singer attempt to sing?

13. Would the lawyer rise in the court to state his case before the judge?

14. Then rattle quicker, heavier drums - you bugles wilder blow.

15. Beat! beat! drums! - blow! bugles! blow!

16. Make no parley - stop for no expostulation,

17. Mind not the timid - mind not the weeper or prayer,

18. Mind not the old man beseeching the young man,

19. Let not the child's voice be heard, nor the mother's entreaties,

20. Make even the trestles to shake the dead where they lie awaiting the hearses,

21. So strong you thump O terrible drums - so loud you bugles blow.

Contents:

1. The poem for analysis

2. Language and Style. Variants of English.

3. Etymology

4. Polysemy

5. Motivation

6. Lexical and grammatical meanings

7. Synonyms

8. Antonyms

9. Homonyms

10. Hypero-hyponymic relations

11. Word formation

12. Phraseology

13. Bibliography

Language and Style. Variants of English.

As for the given text most of the words are stylistically neutral carrying no labels in the dictionary.

Here we almost can’t find words which are used only or mainly in one region or country.

The only such word here is “plough” (line 6).

Webster's Dictionary defines it like a chiefly British variant of plow (“an implement used to cut, lift, and turn over soil especially in preparing a seedbed”).

This is a poem, so it refers to poetic style. The language of poetry is characterized by its orderly form, which is based mainly on the rhythmic and phonetic arrangement of the utterances. The rhythmic aspect calls forth syntactic and semantic peculiarities. There are certain restrictions which result in brevity of expression, epigram-like utterances and fresh, unexpected imagery. Syntactically this brevity is shown in elliptical sentences, in detached constructions, in inversion, etc.

It is clear that the poem is referring to a war because of the two main symbols, the drums and bugles. Traditionally drums and bugles are used in the procession into battle. In the poem, the writer is encouraging the bugles and drums to interrupt the lives of everyone who has ignored them. "would the talkers be talking? Would the singers attempt to sing?/ Would the lawyer rise in the court to state his case before the judge?/ Then rattle quicker, heavier drums-you bugles wilder blow." The writer is specifically pointing out the various parts of normal life in society and insinuating that it is absurd to continue in that normally while there are clearly darker problems that need to be resolved and require everyone's attention.

Etymology.

To scatter (line 3)

Middle English scateren, schateren to disperse, break up, destroy; akin to Middle Dutch schaderen to scatter

First Known Use: 14th century

Drum (line 1)

probably from Dutch trom; akin to Middle High German trumme drum

First Known Use: 1539

Bride (line 5)

Middle English, from Old English brȳd; akin to Old High German brūt bride

First Known Use: before 12th century

House (line 10)

Middle English hous, from Old English hūs; akin to Old High German hūs house

First Known Use: before 12th century

Hearse (line 20)

Middle English herse, from Anglo-French herce harrow, frame for holding candles, from Latin hirpic-, hirpex harrow

First Known Use: 14th century

Attempt (line 12)

Middle English, from Anglo-French & Latin; Anglo-French attempter, from Latin attemptare, from ad- + temptare to touch

First Known Use: 14th century

Door (line 2)

Middle English dure, dor, from Old English duru door & dor gate; akin to Old High German turi door, Latin fores, Greek thyra

First Known Use: before 12th century