29 Fill in the gaps with before, after, since, by, ago, until, by the time.

1 I lived in San Francisco five years ______.

2 __________ Carol had fed the baby, she went to bed.

3 _________ we reached the port, the weather had improved.

4 She bought a newspaper ___________ she went to work.

5 ___________ he's been in London he's visited the Tate Gallery and the Museum of Natural History.

6 I have to type fifteen letters ________ 4 o'clock..

7 Tommy met his friends __________ he had finished studying for the exam.

8 Yesterday she worked ___________ 7 o'clock because she was very busy.

9 How many years ______________ did they first meet?

10 _____________ we got home, the rain had stopped.

30 Match the items in Column a to those in Column b to make correct sentences, as in the example.

Example: She went to school after she had eaten breakfast.

A	B
1 She went to school 2 They had packed their suitcases 3 When I saw the film star, 4 After they had sold their house, 5 I'll go to the bank 6 While she was having a shower	a before they called a taxi. b they bought a farm. c as soon as I get paid. d the lights went out. e after she had eaten breakfast. f couldn't believe my eyes.

31 Rewrite these sentences with time clauses using the conjunctions in brackets.

Example: We'll have dinner before we go out.

1 We'll have dinner, and then we'll go out.(before)

2 They'll send us the report, but they'll need to finish the survey first. (after)

3 We'll go to the travel agency, but we'll look at the brochures first. (before)

4 She hasn't arrived yet, so I'll wait. (until)

5 I'll get back, and then I'll drop you a line. (when)

6 She'll get to her hotel and then she'll phone us immediately. (as soon as)

32 Look at the pictures and make up sentences using the time words given.

Example: A dog ran across the road as he was driving home/to the office.

SPEAKING

33 Everyone enjoys giving advice to other people, but the suggestions are not always very good. Here some pieces of advice about treating such illnesses as an allergy, a cold, flu, food poisoning.

●Which pieces of advice are appropriate for each illness? Do you think it is good advice?

● Which is the most formal piece of advice here? Which is the strongest?

● Which are more like suggestions than strong advice?

34 Work in groups of three. Student A (see role A) has broken his or her leg. Student B (see role B) and Student C (see role C) give advice about the best way to carry on everyday life in this situation.

You can use the following expressions when giving advice.

I suggest …

You'd better …

You really ought …

What about …

Why don't you …

Try...

Have you tried…

You could...

Role A

You have just had your leg put in plaster, and it has to stay like that for at least three months. You are not sure if you can carry on your normal life. You are especially worried about:

• essential everyday activities (e.g. washing yourself) • getting to school/work

• getting enough exercise

• your social life

Ask Students B and C for advice:

e.g. I can't get on a bus like this! What can I do? How can I go and meet my friends at the weekend?

Role B

Student A needs some advice. Listen to his or her problem. You are a very optimistic person, so make lots of suggestions which look on the bright side:

e.g. Why don't you phone all your friends? I’m sure they'll want to help you.

You could invite everyone to your house at the weekend. Then you won't miss the fun.

Role C

Student A needs some advice. Listen to his or her problem. You are a very pessimistic person, so you can only see trouble in A’s situation. Advise him or her how to keep out of trouble:

e.g. If I were you, I wouldn't have a shower. You might fall over. You'd better stay at home. You might break the other leg if you try and go out.