- •New words
- •Lecture 1 exercise 1
- •Lecture 1 lexicology
- •Lecture 2 new words
- •Lecture 2 exercise 2
- •Lecture 2 formal and informal speech
- •Informal Style
- •Colloquial words
- •Dialect words
- •Lecture 3 new words
- •Lecture 3 exercise 3
- •Lecture 3 the origin of english words native words
- •Borrowings
- •Classification of borrowings according to the language from which they were borrowed. Romanic borrowings. Latin borrowings
- •French borrowings the influence of french on the english spelling
- •Italian borrowings
- •Germanic borrowings
- •Scandinavian borrowings
- •German borrowings
- •Dutch borrowings
- •Slavonic borrowings
- •Etymological doublets
- •International words
- •Lecture 4 new words
- •Lecture 4 exercise 4
- •Lecture 4 abbreviations
- •Graphical abbreviations
- •Initial abbreviations
- •Abbreviation of words
- •Lecture 5 new words
- •Lecture 5 exercise 5
- •Prefixation
- •Topics for discussion
- •Lecture 6 new words
- •Lecture 6 exercise 6
- •Lecture 6 semasiology
- •Word-meaning
- •Lexical meaning – notion
- •Polysemy
- •Types of semantic components
- •Topics for discussion
- •Lecture 7 new words
- •Lecture 7 exercise 7
- •Lecture 7 homonyms
- •Classification of homonyms
- •Synonyms
- •Antonyms
- •Topics for discussion
- •Lecture 8 new words
- •Lecture 8 exercise 8
- •Lecture 8 british and american english
- •Differences in spelling
- •Differences in pronunciation
- •Topics for discussion
- •Lecture 9 new words
- •Lecture 9 exercise 9
- •Lecture 9 classification of language units according to the period of time they live in the language
- •Archaisms and historisms
- •Neologisms
- •Semantic groups of neologisms
- •Ways of forming neologisms
- •Changes in pronunciation
- •Topics for discussion
- •Lecture 10 new words
- •Lecture 10
- •Lecture 10 phraseology
- •Ways of forming phraseological units
- •Semantic classification of phraseological units
- •Structural classification of phraseological units
- •Exercise 2
- •Borrowed words exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Abbreviations exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Affixation. Prefixation and suffixation exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Polisemy exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Homonyms. Synonyms. Antonyms exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6 Fill in the blanks with the right words and explain your choice:
- •1.There were a lot of skaters on the … ice of the bank. 2. The lightning … and
- •Exercise 8
- •Neologisms exercise 1
- •Phraseology exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Sources
- •Dictionaries
- •Contents
- •Borrowed words
- •Spanish words
Spanish words
brave |
Armada |
caprice |
Don |
gazettes |
Gallon |
terrace |
Infanta |
revolt |
Peso |
comrade |
Segnora |
CHINESE
|
TURKISH |
Tea |
Coffee |
BELGIUM/DUTCH WORDS (connected with navigation) |
WORDS WHICH CAME FROM INDIA |
Cruise |
Opal |
Deck |
Sapphire |
Dock |
Candy |
Yacht |
Sugar |
|
Bungalow |
|
Shampoo |
ITALIAN
|
GERMAN LANGUAGES |
|
colonnade |
arrange |
Garbage |
citadel |
await |
Gay |
concert |
bacon |
Guarantee |
duet |
balloon |
Hobby |
opera |
blank |
Hut |
primadonna |
blanket |
March |
solo |
blue |
Mushroom |
tempo |
boss |
Range |
violin |
bottle |
Rank |
fresco |
butcher |
Rob |
contraband |
dance |
Robe |
traffic |
fee |
Saloon |
|
franchise |
Seize |
|
freight |
Slice |
|
gaiety |
Spy |
|
gallant |
Towel |
|
|
Wait |
FRENCH WORDS (̃≈3000 words) |
|||
military terms |
different spheres |
law terms |
some vegetables/fruits |
accompany |
Aid |
arrest |
Cabbage |
advance |
Aim |
client |
Cauliflower |
adventure |
Cage |
code |
Lettuce |
aggress |
Card |
condition |
Onion |
assault |
Cause |
court |
Radish |
battle |
Cheat |
crime |
Violet |
camp |
Clear |
debt |
Cucumber |
chief |
Coast |
deny |
Lily |
command |
Crew |
document |
Palm |
conquer |
Cry |
dungeon |
Pine |
defence |
Dress |
persecute |
|
destroy |
Face |
prison |
|
enemy |
Fawn |
punish |
|
injury |
Joy |
quarrel |
|
invade |
Use |
testify |
|
invalid |
|
verdict |
|
rebel |
|
|
|
rescue |
|
|
|
revenge |
|
|
|
rival |
|
|
|
route |
|
|
|
save |
|
|
|
serve |
|
|
|
stable |
|
|
|
station |
|
|
|
victory |
|
|
|
voyage |
|
|
|
SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES
|
|||||
nouns |
verbs |
adjectives |
Pronouns (Danish language) |
||
anger |
harbour |
awe |
guess |
big |
Both |
bag |
husband |
blend |
happen |
cosy |
They |
booth |
kid |
call |
hit |
flat |
Them |
cake |
lass |
cast |
hurry |
ill |
Their |
cart |
leg |
crash |
jump |
nasty |
|
clown |
lump |
crawl |
kick |
odd |
|
cub |
lunch |
cut |
leak |
shy |
|
dairy |
rug |
dash |
mistake |
sight |
|
egg |
scalp |
doze |
scream |
ugly |
|
fellow |
schooner |
drag |
shrug |
|
|
fog |
skirt |
dwell |
shuffle |
|
|
gate |
sky |
fling |
smile |
|
|
gear |
slang |
gasp |
struggle |
|
|
gun |
steak |
gaze |
take |
|
|
|
window |
get |
want |
|
|
|
|
glitter |
welcome |
|
|
CELTIC WORDS
Bald bin bog gull loop penguin shamrock tall twig crowd slogan |
LATIN WORDS
arena marble arch tile belt chalk castle basalt cell altar cheese candle cook capitol cup curate mill major pea pagan pear pastor street sacrament villa temple wall wine |
ABBREVIATIONS
|
|
A-Level – |
Advanced Level |
O-Level – |
Ordinary Level |
A.D. – |
anno Domini |
B.C. – |
before Christ |
a.m. – |
ante meridiem |
p.m. – |
post meridiem |
B&b (BB) – |
bed and breakfast |
A.P. – |
Associated Press |
APEC – |
Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation |
ASEAN – |
Association of South East Asian Nations |
B.A. – |
Bachelor of Arts |
B.D. – |
Bachelor of Divinity |
B.M. – |
Bachelor of Music |
B.S. – |
Bachelor of Science |
B.B.C. – |
British Broadcasting Corporation |
Br. – |
brothers; brethren |
BUP – |
British United Press |
C. – |
Centigrade |
CIA – |
Central Intelligence Agency (in the USA) |
CID – |
Criminal Investigation Department |
COI – |
Central Office of Information |
Corp (CORP) – |
Corporation |
Co – |
Company |
d – |
day, date |
DPh, Dphil – |
Doctor of Philosophy |
DSc – |
Doctor of Science |
EEC – |
European Economic Community |
EFTA – |
European Free Trade Association |
Esq – |
Esquire |
ETA – |
Estimated Time of Arrival |
AGM – |
Annual General Meeting |
F – |
Fahrenheit |
FA – |
Football Association |
FBR – |
Federal Bureau of Investigation |
FIS – |
Foreign Intelligence Service |
FO – |
Foreign Office |
GCE – |
General Certificate of Education |
GHQ – |
General Headquarters |
GM – |
General Manager |
GMT – |
Greenwich mean time |
GP – |
General practitioner |
h&c – |
hot and cold |
HM – |
his/her majesty |
HRH – |
his/her royal highness |
Inc – |
Incorporated |
Is – |
Islands |
J.C. – |
Jesus Christ |
Jnr, Jr – |
Junior |
Ltd – |
Limited |
M – |
Member |
MP – |
Member of Parliament |
MS – |
Master of Science |
ML – |
Master o Law |
NAAFI – |
Navy Army and Air-Force Institutes |
NATO – |
North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
OPEC – |
Oil Producing and Exporting Countries |
OED – |
Oxford English Dictionary |
O.U. – |
Oxford University |
P., p – |
Post |
p. – |
page; part; penny |
RAF – |
Royal Air Force |
RC – |
Red Cross |
RM – |
Royal Marine |
RN – |
Royal Navy |
rd – |
Road |
rept – |
Report |
res – |
Reserved |
riv – |
River |
St – |
saint; street |
s – |
Second |
Sn – |
Senior |
sp. – |
special; species; spelling |
Str. – |
strait; street |
sup. – |
Superior |
sup. – |
Supplement |
T. – |
Temperature |
t – |
time; temporary |
TUC – |
Trade Union Community |
UN – |
United Nations |
VIP – |
very important person |
WC – |
water closet |
SYNONYMIC DOMINANTS
Dim, obscure, vague (a). Dim expresses a degree of darkness, it suggests just so much darkness that the things before one cannot be seen clearly.
Obscure is now more often than used in its figurative sense (denoting something the true meaning of which is not understandable) than in its literal sense, but is still employed when there is a suggestion of darkening by covering, concealment, overshadowing, e.g. The strange object looked obscure through the deep water.
Vague in its physical application denotes smth. which is lacking in distinct outlines, as the vague shape of a building or a tree in the distance.
Vague in its non-physical sense means knowledge, an idea, statement, answer, feeling, etc. lacking in clear definition either because it is too general or because it is not formulated clearly enough, e.g. He had got used to connecting her with a vague sense of the future.
We may have only a dim recollection of the appearance of a house, and only a vague idea of the district in which it is situated. A writer’s ideas may be so vague as to tend to become obscure to most of the readers.
To flash, to glitter, to twinkle, to flicker (v). Flash implies a sudden outburst of light or a sudden display of something that brilliantly reflects light.
Glitter refers to an unsteady emission of light caused by the reflection on transparent or bright bodies, thus a diamond glitters by the reflection on transparent or bright bodies, thus a diamond glitters by the reflection of the light on it. A person’s eyes may be said to glitter with fever, wickedness, greed, cunning, etc.
Twinkle suggests soft, faint and intermittent flashing, as the twinkling of the stars. A person’s eyes may be said to twinkle with amusement.
Flicker suggests a light moving with an unsteady and swift motion, swaying because of a sudden disturbance in the air, as the flicker of the candle.
To look, to stare, to gaze, to glare, to glance, to eye (v). Look is neutral and does not imply any particular aspects of the manner of watching; look n
Stare look steadily, with wide-open eyes, in surprise, curiosity or contempt. Stare may also denote the way of senseless looking devoid of any expression as stare into space; stare n.
Gaze implies a long and steady process of looking. It may be emotionally coloured: a person may gaze in wonder, tenderness, with interest, e.g. she was gazing at her baby; gaze n.
Glare look long, angrily or even fiercely; glare n.
Glance take a very quick look; glance n.
Eye watch very carefully, as to eye a person with suspicion.