6. Morphemes. Principles of ic and uc Analysis.

7. Ways of classifying lexical items. Semantic Fields, Ideographic Groups, Hyponyms, Word Families. - ^

8.Free word groups. Their Types and Motivation.

FWG is a group of syntactically connected notional words wihtoin aa sentecne which by itself is not as sentence: e.g. wooden talbe. They are taken completley finguratively

According the criterion of distributions:

Endocentric – have the same liguistic distribution as one of its member and poessess one central mmbers and possesses one central member functional equivaletn to the whole WG. Free word group is endocentric – three blind mice – (mice is head or dominant member)

Exocentric – the distirbution of the WG is different from either of its members; they posses no central member.

E.g. until last Easter – the constituents are prepositional adjectival and nominal while the whole consturion is adverbial

According to their syntactic pattern:

Predicative (subject-predicate – if it resembles the whole sentence it is very likely that we have p.)

Non-predicative

1. Subordinative (green leaves

2. Coordinative (boys and girls)

According to the nature of the headwords:

1. Nominal (elegant restaurant

2. Adjectival healfhful for difds

3. Verbal to impose and opinion

4. Pronominal: totally myself (reflexive)

5. Statival completely unaware

Motivation is ability to understand the meaning of … by means of comparison

Wooden table (this table is wooden) – FULLY MOTIVATE

Black sheep – idiom – demotivated (has nothing to do neither with black – but outcast)

After meet comes mustard – дорога ложка к обеду

To make friends – (one part is translated literally, another is not ) – we don’t MAKE friends but it is still about friends – PARTIAL MOTIVATION

9. Antonyms in Modern English and Their Types.

Antonyms are words of the same language belinging to the same part of thseech but different in sound and characterized by semantica polatiry of their denotational meaning. Like synonyms perfect antonyms are rare.

Acc. To the ccharacter of semantic opposition:

1. Antonyms proper (cold-hot (warm)

2. Complementaries

3. Conversives

Complementaries are words chardcterixzed only by a binary opposition (male-female); the denail of the onembe rof the opposition implies the assertion of the other: not male means female; not wholesale means retail.

Conversives –(relational opposites) are words which denote one and the same referent as viewd from different points of view, that of the suject and that of the object: buy-sell; give-receive; lend-borrow; buyer-seller. There the relation is closely connected with grammar, namely with grammatical contrasst pf active passive.

Morphological classificaiton of antonyms

1. root (absolute) antonyms (hot-cold)

2. dervational antonyms (happy-unhappy)

   10. Synonyms. Type of Synonymity.

Synonyms are two or more words of the same part of the speech possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings interchangeable in some contexts.

Synonimic dominat is the most genral term potentiallly containign the specific features rendered by all the other member of the group: leave, depart, quit, retire, clear out

3 basic types of synonyms

1. ideographic – (denoting different shades of meaning of different degrees of a quality: bad- terrible-horrible –nasty);

2. stylistic (differemnt in emotive value or stylistic shphere of application: face, visage)

3. contextual (similar in meaning only under certain dirstributional conditions: buy, get)

Only case of total synonyms :

1. Total (replacing each other in any context: German measles (native) – rubella (borrowed)

2. Relative (everything else but total – 99%)

Hyponyms – linguistic relationship of inclusion (relationship between part and whole) – drink – (coffree, whisky)

Drink – is hyperonym (napitki)

Juice, coffeee, whiskey – hyponyms

Some words can be both hyperonyms and hyponyms – wine – drink (hyper) and …. Types of wine (hypon)

THEORETICAL GRAMMAR