Граматика / Forrest_Lunn_Complex_Sentences

105 / Other Types of Sentence

exercise 2-B

(1)[The recent ADJ elections in PREP Hong Kong] (have V produced V) <an encouraging ADJ result N.>

(2)[The riots N on PREP housing ADJ estates N in Tyneside last week] (had led to) 261 arrests N.

(3)[All criminal ADJ charges against PREP Oliver North] (were V dropped V) on PREP Monday.

(4)In PREP the first two days of PREP ground ADJ fighting N, [three brigades of PREP the First Division] (destroyed) <Iraqi trenches> with earth movers N and ploughs N.

(5)[Construction ADJ unions in New York] (have V) long ADV (been criticized) for PREP their exclusion of racial ADJ minority groups N.

(6)For over 50 years [Barney] (has been helping V ) <people> with PREP their hair ADJ and scalp problems N.

(7)[Cleo the NI Camel] now ADV (won’t eat) <anything PRN except PREP smoked salmon sandwiches>.

(8)[The panel] (will V meet) twice ADV during PREP the campaign N.

exercise 2-C

(1)The apparent unease {about the growing presence of Latinos also is reflected (in a torrent (of antiimmigration legislation introduced recently in Sacramento.)}

(2)Statistics Canada warned that the April decline may simply be a correction {of inflated job gains in March}.

(3)In his native Malaysia, he faces extortion charges alleging a series {of encounters (with lonely, wealthy women who said they were lured into hotel rooms, drugged, photographed nude, then blackmailed)}.

(4)The estimated cost {of developing the advanced robotic arms} have ballooned by nearly $138 million in the past three years.

(5)Because capital can move around the world (at the punch of a key) and workers are realtively tied to a place, the labor movement has lost power throughout the industrial world.

(6)The negotiations have made slow progress during the past two months {with attempts (by the Inkatha Freedom Party, homeland leaders, and the white right-wing parties) to block significant movement.}

(7)Each day, if the wind is not too strong, some of the Druze gather {at the place called “echo valley” outside Majdal Shams} to shout messages to their family and friends who stand several hundred meters away {on the Syrian side of the ceasefire line.}

(8)There are several reasons why the recruitment and organizing may not be as vigorous {in the rest of the country}.

exercise 2-D

(1) Belet Uen is a dusty crossroads in central Somalia.

(2)Followed by a noisy group of kids, Mary entered a brush-hut encampment of 30,000 victims of drought, famine and war.

(3)The only significant growth sector for low-skill workers will be the service industry.

(4)A third of Quebeckers on welfare are under thirty.

(5)During his six-month tenure as Education Minister, he also segregated men and women in the ministry and boys and girls in high schools.

(6)The rift between the former allies was not resolved by President Yeltsin’s victory in the April referendum.

(7)An outbreak of meningitis at the University of Connecticut has been classified as an epidemic.

(8)The highly charged assassination case produced widely divergent interpretations of the evidence.

exercise 3-A

(1)A family of baboons jumped from the rear window of a car. SIMP

(2)The knife blades shine in the afternoon sunlight as the man in the flashy shirt pushes them deeper inside the metal hoops. CPLX

(3)He rushes forward and then he dives head first through the treacherous hole. CMPD

(4)An hour’s drive south of Budapest is Lake Balaton, which offers a sunny, uncrowded beach.CPLX

(5)The Shakers died out, but they left behind some great furniture and interesting houses.CMPD

(6)The island of New Guinea is one of the most intriguing destinations in the world. SIMP

(7)	About half the photosynthesis that removes carbon dioxide from the air occurs in the
	tropics CPLX

(8)The species is believed to be near extinction. SIMP

(9)Many marchers stayed at the barricades into the early morning hours today.SIMP

(10)Mr Nimro insists that he talked to Mr.Squevel in 1979.CPLX

exercise 3-B

(1)I am not surprised by the dramatic increase in complaints by the public against the service provided by banks. SIMP

(2)Anti-government guerillas in Uganda have abducted a British ecologist and several other people in an attack on a remote game lodge. SIMP

(3)American troops in Somalia went on high alert after a Marine was killed in an ambush of a night patrol near Mogadishu airport. CPLX

(4)Two Japanese video game giants, Nintendo and Sega Enterprises, said games sold in Japan from next month would start carrying labels warning of the risk of epileptic fits.CPLX

(5)The software the two companies sell in Europe and the US already carries such warnings.CMPD

(6)In the Gaza Strip, the Israeli army killed three Palestinians in a clash with stone throwers, according to the Israeli army. SIMP

(7)The power struggle in Zaire between President Mobutu Sese Seko and his arch enemy, Prime Minister Etienne Tshisekedi, moved further towards confrontation when the interim parliament said President Mobutu was guilty of high treason. CPLX

107 / Other Types of Sentence

(8)French politician, René Pleven, whose career began in 1940 when he joined General de Gaulle’s Free French in London and who then went on to become prime minister of the Fourth Republic twice, has died, aged 92.CPLX

(9)More than 50 people drowned when the Polish rail ferry Jan Heweliusz capsized in churning seas and winds of up to 100 mph in the Baltic off the German

coast. CPLX

(10)Mrs Bhutto was surprised by the appointment but called it a ‘positive step’. CMPD

exercise 3-C

(1)I’m surprised {that he told you (where the money is)}.

(2){When they bought the house (that they’re living in now)}, interest rates were very high.

(3)He got the job {because he went to school with the boss (when they were young)}.

(4){If you notice the little red light flashing (when you turn on the ignition)}, you have to fasten your seat belt.

(5)She’s the actress {who played the leading role in the movie (we saw last night)}.

(6){If the three satellites had been deployed (as the designers intended)}, their electronic sensing devices would have provided valuable information.

(7)There is a rumour {that the money (he lost) was borrowed from his mother}.

(8) His only asset was a stove {that he had purchased (because he wanted to resell it)}.

exercise 4-A

(1)	Statistics Canada has found what many people have long suspected .	F
(2)	Officials were told that the missing fish could number as many as	1.2 million.
F

(3)Of course, b e i n g a n i n t e l l e c t u a l h o c k e y p l a y e r , NF doesn’t always help.

(4)When people survive a heart attack, F damage to the organ is often so great that they eventually suffer another attack and die. F

(5)Mr Fuller, who spent fifteen days in jail awaiting trial, F received the longest sentence given to a participant in the riot. NF t

(6)Emptying the mind before phyiscal action NF will improve success in sports.

(7)The chemical appears to increase serotonin levels in the brain, taking away the

c o m p u l s i v e d e s i r e t o p l a c e a b e t . N F

(8)If you want to find out what youth are doing, F go deeper.

exercise 4 -B

(1)In a ruling that could expose an estimated 3,500 Ontario residents to criminal charges, a Divisional Court judge refused to issue an injunction extending an amnesty period during which owners of large clips could turn them in to police for destruction.

(2)The union representing Air Canada ticket agents and customer-service employees filed for conciliation yesterday after contract talks broke down.

(3)Former BC cabinet minister Claude Richmond says he agonized over the decision before announcing yesterday he will seek the leadership of the Social Credit Party.

(4)Mr Smith fought hard for the change, arguing that Labour could not expect to win a British election until it got its own house in order.

(5)The party is committed to drastically overhauling the entire British political system, including disbanding the House of Lords.

(6)To justify his action, he pointed to the conduct of parliament during the past two years in frustrating his economic reform program.

(7)With Quebec now having control over immigration and seeking control over all manpower training in the province, Mr Manning did not explain how his proposed “New Federalism: would allocate these responsibilities.

(8)Ms Campbell shot back yesterday, saying she is happy with her advisers.

exercise 4-C

DEPENDENT CLAUSES THAT ARE NOT ENCLOSED IN OTHER DEPENDENT CLAUSES ARE IN BOLD IF THEY ARE FINITE AND IN ITALICS IF THEY ARE NON-FINITE. DEPENDEDENTCLAUSESTHATARE CONTAINEDINOTHERDEPENDENTCLAUSESARE MARKED WITH SOLID UNDERLINING IF THEY ARE FINITE AND WITH DOTTED UNDERLINING IF THEY ARE NON-FINITE.

(1)An American combat plane, firing air-to-air missiles, shot down an Iraqi MiG fighter which intruded into the no-fly zone in southern Iraq.

(2)In Hong Kong’s fashionable district of Lan Kwai Fong, 20 people were killed when crowd celebrations went wrong.

(3)The 15,000 revellers were gripped by panic after a number of people fell to the ground.

(4)David Schoo and his wife Sharon, a well-to-do couple from Chicago,were charged with child cruelty after leaving their daughters, aged nine and four, alone at home while they spent Christmas on the beach at Acapulco, Mexico.

(5)Mr Lu stressed that there had been no improvement in relations with Britain.

(6)Brazil’s senate agreed last week by 76 votes to three to ban ex-president Fernando Collor de Mello from public office for eight years.

(7)Her father was a customs and excise officer who sent her to two Catholic schools although the family was Anglican.

(8)The crucial requirement was to register Volodya as the car’s new owner.

exercise 5-A

1, Yes. 2, No. 3, Yes.

exercise 5-B

(1)The customers asked me if we had the beer that (or: Ø) they wanted.

-what is not a relative pronoun; it can only be used to introduce noun clauses

(2)The experience that I want to write about is learning English.

(3)French, in which I am very articulate, is my first language .

109 / Other Types of Sentence

-the adjective clause was not placed after the noun it was intended to modify

(4)In future, I will be more confident about applying for a job that requires a good knowledge of English.

-who can only refer to people

(5)We had a neighbour whose son played soccer professionally.

-notice that when this sentence is broken up into two parts, a possessive pronoun is required: We had a neighbour. H e r son played soccer professionally.

(6)I always enjoy living in a spacious environment, which Hong Kong does not offer.

-of which is not the correct relative pronoun to use here. (Compare:He had seven

children, of which two were girls. = He had seven children. Two of them were girls. and I always enjoy living in a spacious environment. Hong Kong does not offer a spacious environment. Notice that of does not appear in the ‘expansion’ of (6) ) The comma is required because this is a non-restrictive clause. (The negative verb in the clause forces this interpretation.))

(7) When I look back on my life and think about the most exciting things that ever happened to me, I have a hard time choosing one of them.

- subjects cannot be omitted from finite adjective clauses. The alternative of the nonfinite clause ever happening to me is not acceptable because ever creates a ‘need’ for a past-tense or past paticiple main verb.

(8) The Tsar used to visit Poland that was a province of the empire.

-what cannot be used to introduce adjective clauses

(9) The company has enough surplus (8.4 million) to meet any deficiencies occurring in 1991.

-the adjective clause occurring in 1991 is an abbreviation of the active finite clause: which occurred in 1991

(10) One month later a man carrying a long gun rushed into the company.

-again, the -ing form is required because the finite clause of which the abbreviated form is being used here (who was carrying a long gun is in the active voice.)

(11) In total there were five francophones versus twenty-five anglophones of which almost all Ø were bilingual.

here we have repetition of the adjective clause object as in The woman whom I saw her yesterday complicated by the fact that a prepositional relative clause has been used.

(12) To show their appreciation, the students prepared a homemade card to thank everybody who participated in the staff training, which was appreciated by everyone.

The clausewhich was appreciated by everyone is not an adjective clause at all but a sentential clause. It is not so much the card that is appreciated as the fact that the students prepared it.

(13) One morning, in her store, she had a customer named Ann with her son Sam.

The placement of the adverbial between the noun customer and its postmodification is clumsy and confusing. Notice also that in the corrected sentence the prepositional phrasewith her son Sam must follow the non-finite adjective clause named Ann.

exercise 5-C

(1)Armies /that ruled much of the hemisphere barely a decade ago are shut in their barracks/.

(2)The preliminary ruling, /which will be followed by a final determination in early fall,/ was issued in response to complaints from American uranium producers.

(3)He has devised a kind of self-nominating process, <<rooted in appearances on television talk shows.>>

(4)The treaty, /which was the product of nearly two weeks of intense negotiations in Nairobi earlier this month,/ is considered one of the two main achievements of the United Nations Conference.

(5)The Administration’s decision on the treaty <<preserving plants, animals and natural resources,>> <<known as the biological diversity treaty,>> >> is almost certain to be followed by Japan.

(6)The President offered support for the approach of don’t ask, don’t tell — the label <<given to a range of plans /that would allow homosexuals to serve but leave limits on how open they could be about their sexuality/.>>

(7)The President’s remarks on homosexuals in the military, /which came in response to a question from a pastor /who said he was worried about Christian values//, seemed calculated to put some distance between himself and gay rights groups.

(8)One after another, Khmer Rouge trucks have rumbled down the unpaved streets of this rebel-held town this week, carrying hundreds of Cambodians /who had been brought here on the order of the Maoist guerrillas with a single mission: to vote./

(9)“We agree with the elections now because Prince Sihanouk has come back,” said a 29-year-old farmer, her back curved after years <<spent hunched over rice paddies>> /that are now the territory of the Khmer Rouge./

(10)After threatening to disrupt Cambodia’s first free election in a generation, the Khmer Rouge have surprised United Nations Officials by delivering thousands of Cambodians from territory under the rebel’s control to vote in at least three of the nine provinces /in which they have a sizable presence/ although the guerillas officially oppose the balloting.

(11)Some violence this week has been attributed to the Khmer Rouge including an attack today on a mobile United Nations polling place in the northwest /that wounded a Bangladeshipeacekeeping soldier and three Cambodians./

(12)The voters /who were brought to cast ballots in this town, /which is 205 miles northwest of Phnom Penh, near the Thai border,// say they are being told by the Khmer Rouge to vote for the opposition party founded by Prince Sihanouk.

(13)The police today released 43 black militants <<arrested two days ago in a crackdown on the Pan Africanist Congress,>> conceding that they did not have enough evidence <<linking them to specific crimes.>>

(14)The latest international strategy for ending the Bosnian war is a minimalist plan of action /that will create more problems than it solves./

(15)But it also triggered riots in the capital, <<described as the worst in Denmark’s peacetime history.>>

(16)Criticism /that led to a destabilisation of society/ constituted ‘revolt’ and was unacceptable to Islam.

(17)The only situation /in which disobedience was allowed/ was when the sovereign took a decision /which was evil in the eyes of God./

exercise 5-D

(1)In most places around the world a doctor /who helps a terminally ill patient commit suicide/ could face criminal prosecution.

(2)Michigan has enacted a law <<making doctor-assisted suicide illegal.>>

(3)In their quest for knowledge, scientists will take advantage of anything /that’s helpful,/ even a nuclear blast.

(4)Studies of the shock waves <<given off by a Chinese 66-megaton nuclear test>> have revealed a ‘continent’ 3,200 kilometers underground.

111 / Other Types of Sentence

(5)What two scientists at the US Geological Survey found was a region 320 km across and 130 km deep /that is denser than surrounding regions./

(6)The steep growth of mutual funds, /which reached a record value of $1.7 trillion last year,/ began in earnest in 1989.

(7)Most of the enormous outflow wound up in professionally managed pools of securities, /where returns of 25% or more are not uncommon./

(8)“All you need,” the song says “is love.” But government largesse is also helping Brazilians revive their long-standing affair with the Beetles. Not John, Paul, George and Ringo, but the beloved little machines <<built by Volkswagen>> /that put millions of middle-class Brazilians on the road before the cars were phased out of production in 1986./

(9)The lines are really being drawn between those clergymen /who support the government in everything and those who do not/.

(10)In 1989, Jimmy lost his job as a high-steel construction worker in the US and, unable to find work, returned to Akwesasne, /where he discovered the easy money <<to be made in smuggling cigarettes.>>/

(11)His extraordinary financial success and a recent business problem /he has encountered/ say much about what is happening in the lucrative world of tobacco smuggling.

(12)It’s a situation /that is reminiscent of the Prohibition era, /when liquor from Canada into the US in open and easy defiance of the law.//

(13)Some parents, like Joyce Williams, 60 of Toronto, applaud the system for the education /it has provided her eight children./

(14)We do not advocate a return to the rigid, stultifying teaching methods of the past /where everything learned was by rote./

(15)The few animals /used by the cosmetic industry are essential for the safety of consumers/, she said.

(16)Mulroney said he liked the two deals /his government had concocted/, not because they wereperfect but because they were good.

exercise 6-B

(1) “If the idea is <<to go back in time,>>” quipped a governor, “I suggest an oxcart.”

C TI

(2)Officials will not know //how widely the infection has spread// until blood samples can be tested in

the US.

O NT

(3)//What two scientists at the US Geological survey found// was a region 320 km across and 130 km

deep that is denser than surrounding regions

S NR

(4)Michael Wainwright claims //he was admitted to Kurdistan by Iraqi guards while visiting Turkey.// O TH

(5)Through the camera lens, Bill Clinton looked relieved <<to be wrestling with a problem as

relatively manageable as the economy.>>

CA TI

(6)On Tuesday he proposed <<to reduce the White House staff by 350 people,>> which he said would

satisfy his campaign promise of a 25% cut.

O TI

(7)The IAEA has warned the insular communist regime //that this time it will bare its teeth and press for an unprecedented UN Security Council-backed ‘special inspection’ of two suspect buildings.// O (direct) TH

(8)Earlier this month he was charged with <<diverting at least $81 million from a Hyundai subsidiary to his campaign.>> O ING

exercise 6-C

(1)The police today released 43 black militants arrested two days ago in a crackdown on the Pan Africanist Congress, conceding //that they did not have enough evidence linking them to specific crimes.// O TH

(2)His extraordinary financial success and a recent business problem he has encountered say much about //what is happening in the lucrative world of tobacco smuggling.// OP INT

(3)	The cabinet is discussing //how to cut $2-billion from the public payroll.// O
	INT

(4)The delay in meeting will allow <<the government and its advisers to firm up their plans.>> O TI

(5)	Premier Bob Rae was uncertain about //what the government should do next//.
	OP INT

(6)He complained //that the union leaders had walked away from the negotiations without <<making counter offers>>//.

O TH; OP ING

(7)The 1992 riots let the world know //that the dream of a multiethnic paradise on the Pacific had collapsed//. O TH

(8)One big mistake was trying «to reach an agreement in two months».O TI

(9)	It’s a textbook example of «attempting to ignite a revolution». OP ING

(10)The Security Council voted yesterday «to send heavily armed troops to protect six Muslim enclaves in Bosnia Hercegovina». O TI

exercise 6-D

(1)Unfortunately he got fired because of the recession that was going on at the time.

what can only be used to introduce noun clauses. It is incorrectly used here to introduce an adjective cluase

(2)Part of my job is having to compose some simple memos and letters.

-ing clauses are generally preferable as complements of the verb to be.

(3) When we are sick or suffering from some disease, the only thing we can think of is g o i n g to the hospital.

-as in (2)

(4)She did not have any choice except keeping the problem to herself because if she'd told her husband what was happening at work he would have suspected Ø that she was the one who insisted on discussing sexual jokes.

-the verb to suspect can be complemented by a noun clause (a that clause) but it cannot take an indirect object such as her. Moreover, the noun clause itself makes it quite clear who was suspected

(5)I couldn't believe Ø till I saw them how they had changed.

-the SVOCA analysis of the corrected sentence is; [I ] (couldn't believe) till I saw them <how they had changed>. In the incorrect version there were two objects. Notice that in the corrected version the adverbial clause comes between the verb and the object; this is a possible position for an adverbial only when the object is a noun clause.

(6)Sexual harassment could also happen in a bar or on the street. It could happen anywhere. It doesn't matter where. What Ø does matter is it shouldn't happen.

113 / Other Types of Sentence

what does matter is a ‘relative’ noun clause, closely related from the point of view of internal structure to adjective clauses

(7)I want everyone living on this planet to feel happy.

The verb want can only be complemented by a to infinitive noun clause.

(8)Scientists are working very hard to find out what the causes of these illnesses are.

The order of the subject and the verb has incorrectly been inverted in an interrogative noun clause. These clauses are connected to questions and they begin with question words but there subjects and verbs are ordered in the normal way.

(9)As a young person I was taught how impressive changes in our behaviour could be.

See (8)

(10)The goal of this class is to improve grammatical accuracy in written and spoken English.

Carelessness — or a lack of understanding of basic verb phrase construction.

(11)I did not believe any of the stories until he asked me why Ø I did not have any pictures of myself when I was a baby.

Failure to realize that the ‘question word’ why works as a clause introducer with interrogative noun clauses.

(12) My Uncle Tom heard that there was a new cancer medicine manufactured in China but that it was forbidden to import that medicine into Canada.

That cannot be omitted here without changing the meaning of the sentence — making it seem as if Uncle Tom found out only at a later date that the medicine could not be imiported into Canada.

(13)If I closed my eyes the only thing I could see was that someone was trying to scare me.

If there is a subject in a finite noun clause complement of the verb to be, the clause introducer that cannot be omitted.

(14)I take ginseng often because it is considered very healthy and can give me extra energy. Another important reason for taking it is that it can slow down the aging process.

See (13). This could also be corrected by making the noun clause non finite: Another important reason for taking it is slowing down the aging process . (See (2))

exercise 7-A

(1) ADJ; (2) ADV;	(3) ADJ;	(4) ADJ, N; (5) ADV; (6) ADJ; (7) ADV; (8) ADV, ADJ; (9) N;
(10) ADJ;	(11) ADV;	(12) N

exercise 7-B

(1)When I was a child, I was terrified of the dark. T

(2)As you get older, fear vanishes. PR

(3)Because life with my mother hadn’t turned out how he had hoped, my father was always hesitant and uneasy. CS

(4)While discretion about the hundreds of other candidates for the job has been scrupulously observed, Ms Eaton disclosed last week that they had included not only journalists and actors from both sides of the Atlantic but also a few ‘aristocrats’. CN

(5)Though the famine has abated, peace remains elusive, and the new U.N. force in Somalia, UNOSOM II, will face continued trouble when it takes command on May 1. (a) CN (b) T

(6)If several hundred rebel insurgents suddenly decide to do battle in a wildlife preserve, is this considered guerrilla warfare or gorilla warfare? IF

(7)It took until January of this year before the province brought in a rule requiring five minutes’ rest for every hour spent on a computer keyboard. T

(8)I’ve spoken to leading experts in the field whereas most patients get only a few minutes with their family doctor or a specialist CN

(9)Office workers have been using keyboards since the first typewriters were introduced in the 1870’s. T

(10)Until the government confronts these issues, the problem will remain. T

exercise 7C

(1)After campaigning for four years against gridlock, pollution, driver’s aggression and accidents, the German press now wonders why people aren’t buying cars. T

(2)The independent Unemployment Unit said the jobless total was 4,163,000 if calculated on the basis used before 1982. IF

(3)If adopted, the plan will permit a charming, civilized 21st century Seattle. IF

(4)After reading English at Oxford for two years without much enthusiasm, Henry left the university without a degree, and went to work at a Birmingham factory. T

(5)It is a standard conservative ploy to say that the states should do more because they are closer to the people, while at the same time failing to suggest where the states are to get the financial and intellectual wherewithal to carry out their greater responsibilities. CN

(6)Fred Gingell, the courtly interim Opposition Leader who has replaced Mr Wilson, denies that the Liberals performed poorly in the last legislative session, but he admitted they suffered from stage fright, as well as inexperience with the media, particularly when compared to the seasoned NDP members. T

(7)While falling short of new Siberian giants, Ukrainian wells are big by standards of Alberta’s picked-over oilfields. CN

(8)After being bartered off to a new family, with little education, limited access to health care and no knowledge of birth control, young brides soon became young mothers. T

(9)If unsigned by Ukraine and other independent republics (Belarus and Kazakhstan) that have nuclear weapons, this means the ambitions START-2 treaty won’t be worth the paper it’s written on. IF

exercise 7-D

(1)I learned the English language in a hard way, by immersing myself completely in an English environment. I never really received or took any English courses after Ø I graduated from high school.

	A failure to understand that after by itself works as a subordinating conjunction. (See
	number (11) in (6-D)
(2)	She made a decision to take a risk even though she knew there was no contact address for her to
	trace in the future.