Методичка по английскому языку для ИТС (пр. С.С.Иванов)

Superstructures

The majority of vessels are provided with superstructures. These superstructures may comprise the forecastle, the midship superstructure and the poop; or only a forecastle and midship superstructure. The most important superstructure is the midship superstructure because its position is amidships where the bending moments are the greatest. The deck houses do not add to the ship's strength. They are only subjected to local stresses caused by the weight of the ship, water and etc, and accordingly are of light construction.

Aluminium is widely used for the construction of deckhouses instead of steel. It gives a considerable saving of weight.

1. Comprehension questions:

Are all the vessels provided with superstructures?

What may these superstructures comprise?

What is the most important superstructure?

What stresses are deck houses subjected to?

What material gives a considerable saving of weight?

II. Choose from list B synonyms to the words of list A:

A.to comprise, main, generally, original, if, to call, a performance, employed, nowadays, the majority

B.a work, initial, provided, utilized, to name, at present,

most of, to contain, chief, commonly

III. Translate the following derivatives:

to differ - difference - different; to insist - insistence-insistent; to depend - dependence - dependent, to correspond -correspondence - correspondent; to resist - resistance - resistant; to assist - assistance - assistant; to carry - carrier -carriage.

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IV. State the part of speech of the underlined words in the following sentences:

1. The most important superstructure is the midship superstructure because its position is amidships where the bending moments are the greatest. 2. They are only subjected to local stresses caused by the weight of the ship and water. 3. Aluminium gives a considerable saving of weight.

UNIT 7

Propulsive Forces

The resistance to motion must be overcome by a propelling force. The types of propelling machinery normally used by ships are the diesel engine, the gas turbine, and the steam turbine. The diesel engine and gas turbine are increasingly used in combination. To discuss further the power transmission from the ship's power plant, it is useful to include some definitions:

Brake horsepower1 (BHP) is the power at the engine.

Propeller horsepower2 (PHP) is the power delivered to the propeller. It is equal to the effective horsepower, plus the power losses in the propeller and the losses in the intersection between the propeller and the ship. Shaft horsepower3 (SHP) is the power measured in the shafting within the ship, by a torsionmeter.

Propeller Devices4. The types of propulsive devices presently in use to a greater or lesser degree may be grouped into four distinct categories:

I. Screw propellers: a) fixed-pitch screws5; b) controllable pitch propellers6.

II. Paddle wheels7.

Ill Jet propellers8: a) water jet through submerged nozzle9;

b) water jet through surface nozzle10.

IV. Vertical axis propellers11.

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Screw propellers. A propeller has from two to six blades projecting from a hub which is keyed to and driven by the propeller shaft. There are two general types of marine propellers in use today. The first type is fixed-pitch propellers. In this type of propeller, the position of the blades relative to the hub cannot be altered. The second type is the C. P. Propeller . Controllablepitch propellers are provided with a mechanism for altering the position of the blades relative to the hub at any time. The selection of the number of blades may be dictated by hull vibration consideration.

Notes

brake horsepower (BHP) (=effective horsepower) – эффективная

(тормозная) мощность двигателя

propeller horsepower (PHP) – мощность на гребном винте

shaft horsepower (SHP) – мощность по валу

propeller device – движитель

fixed-pitch propeller/screw – гребной винт фиксированного шага

controllable (-pitch) propeller – гребной винт регулируемого шага (ВРШ)

paddle wheel – гребное колесо

jet propeller – водометный движитель, водомет

water jet through submerged nozzle – водомет с подводным выбросом/струей

water jet through surface nozzle – водомет с надводным выбросом/струей

vertical-axis propeller – крыльчатый движитель

I. Comprehension questions:

What are the three main types of propelling machinery normally used by ships?

How many types of propeller devices do you know?

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What types of screws are there?

How many blades can a propeller have?

II. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to functions of the Participle:

1. Speaking about the new methods of work the engineer told us many interesting details. 2. Having been carefully tested the device was put into operation? 3. Metals being used in industry in the form of alloys have better properties than pure metals. 4-.The amount of heat generated depended on the quality of the fuel used 5. The material collected served as valuable information. 6, Provision has also been made for the carriage of 100, 40-ft refrigerated containers on the hatch covers.

III. Read and translate the following word-combinations:

suitable for the carriage of grain cargoes, a soft nosed stem, semibalanced rudder, an electro-hydraulic four-ram steering gear, underdeck wing tanks, transverse wash bulkheads, side-rolling hatch covers.

IV. Find in the text synonyms to the following word-combinations:

Principal dimensions, engine-room, to be driven by, a classique system, side tanks, to be covered by, framing backed by transverses, waterproof hatch covers, a cruising speed.

V. Read and translate the following text:

FIRST OF TWO 103500-ton BULK CARRIERS

The B. and W.-engined "Rudby" has the following principal particulars: length 0. a. 250m., length b.p.249 m., breadth - 40 m., depth - 20 m., corresponding deadweight -105500 tons, service speed – 15,5 knots, block coefficient1 - 0.82, grain capacity -417500ft5, crew - 38.

This vessel was constructed under the supervision of Det Norske Veritas2. The hull is divided into nine cargo holds all of which are suitable for the carriage of grain cargoes without shifting boards, while Nos 1,3,5,7 and 9 holds are

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strengthened for ore cargoes. Accomodation and machinery spaces are arranged aft while the hull, form incorporates a transom stern and a soft nosed stem terminating in a bulbous bow. The fabricated steel stern frame is of the open water type and is equipped with a semibalanced rudder which has an effective surface area of some 630 ft2.

This is activated by an electro-hydraulic four-ram steering unit which is capable of moving the rudder hard over 60° in 30 sec when the vessel is fully loaded at service speed. A conventional system of framing is employed in the "Rudby" hull construction - this comprising longitudinal framing supported by transverses except at the side shell in way of the underdeck wing tanks, the engine-room, the fore and aft peaks, these being transversely framed. The hull is divided into its nine holds by vertical transverse bulkheads of rectangular-corrugated steel.

Six underdeck wing tanks, three port and three starboard are arranged for water ballast only. Each runs the length of three holds and is arranged with a mid-length transverse wash bulkhead. The bottom plating of these tanks is sloped 30° to the horizontal. Each hold is closed by a two-part, side-rolling, watertight hatch cover of Mac-Gregor design.

Notes

block coefficient – коэффициент полноты водоизмещения

Det Norske Veritas – Бюро Норвежский Веритас (классификационное общество)

V. State the tense forms of the verbs in the Passive Voice. Find sentences where these verbs are used.

must be overcome, are used, is delivered, is measured, may be grouped, is keyed and driven, cannot be altered, are provided, may be dictated.

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UNIT 8

Bulkers1

Bulkers are single-decked ships or ships with no tweendecks in their holds but fitted out with various types of special cargo handling equipment. The cargo is often shot straight into the hold2 and discharged by grabs3, pneumatic suction plants4 and often bulk handling methods. There are bulk carriers of over 150000 dwt today but the largest of those in normal use are between 60000 and 70000 dwt known as Panamax size5, while ―handy size‖6 bulkers are those in the 25000 and 30000 dwt range.

Cement Carrier ―Sergo Zakariadze‖. The vessel is designed to carry cement, while other bulk cargoes, such as grain, ores, coal, sugar and bauxite can also be carried. The ship is a single-screw motor vessel7 with bulbous bow8, transom stern9 and six-tier superstructure10. The hull is all welded, of combined framing11. The ship has seven holds with a total capacity of 27015 cu. m. Cargo holds numbers 2,3,5 and 6 designed for the carriage of cement have a double skin12 along the sides and sloping bulkheads throughout the length of the holds. The cement holds inner bulkheads are corrugated13. The holds are sealed with hatch covers. The hatch covers have four fillers14 to couple them with air chambers15 for handling cement.

On a ballast passage the vessel can take ballast16 in double bottom tanks under the cargo holds in underdeck tanks located in the upper part of the cargo holds, in the forepeak and after peak tanks. Ballasting operations are tested with the help of two onboard ballast centrifugal electricity driven vertical self-priming pumps17 with a capacity of 400 cu. m/h. The pumps and the valves are controlled from a special panel in the Central Control Post18. Remote control of the filling or emptying of tanks is also available, because the double bottom tanks are fitted with indicators showing the lowest level in the tanks while drainage sumps19 in the holds have devices signalling when a sump is full.

The main particulars of the vessel are: length o. a. – 184.4 m., length b. p. – 172.0 m., breadth – 22.8 m., depth amidships20 – 14.1 m., summer draught –

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10.1 m., deadweight – 23.940 t., main engine output21 – 11.200 h. p., ballast speed – 15.5 knots, sailing range22 – unlimited.

Notes

bulker - балкер

the cargo is shot straight into the hold – груз насыпают прямо в трюм grab - грейфер

pneumatic suction plant – пневматическая установка

Panamax size vessel – суда, имеющие … тоннаж, отвечающий требованиям администрации Панамского канала.

handy size vessels – суда удобных в использовании размеров single-screw motor vessel – одновинтовое дизельное судно bulbous bow – бульбообразный нос

transom stern – транцевая корма

six-tier superstructure – шести-ярусная надстройка

combined framing – комбинированный набор (корпуса судна) double skin – двойная обшивка

corrugated - гофрированный

filler – приспособление для наполнения air chamber – воздушная камера

ballast - балласт

centrifugal self-priming pump - центробежный самозаливающийся насос

Central Control Post – центральный пост управления drainage sump – осушительный колодец

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depth amidships – высота борта в средней части судна output - мощность

sailing range – район плавания

Exercises

1.Read the text. Be ready to give a good reading of the text.

2.Prepare 10 questions on the text at home. Put these questions to your partner in class.

3.Speak on:

1.cargo handling equipment of bulkers

2.design, cargo handling equipment and ballasting system of the bulker

―Sergo Zakatiadze‖

4. Translate the sentences paying attention to the passive constructions. Name the form of the verbs in the Passive Voice.

1. The cargo is often shot straight into the hold and discharged by grabs. 2. The vessel ―Sergo Zakariadze‖ is designed to carry cement, grain, ores, coal and bauxite. 3. The holds are sealed with folding-type hatch covers. 4. Ballasted operations are effected with the help of two vertical centrifugal self-priming pumps. 5. The pumps and the valves are controlled from a special panel in the Central Control Post. 6. All the double – bottom tanks are fitted with indicators showing the lowest level in the tanks.

5. Define the part of speech of the underlined words.

Remote control of the filling or emptying of tanks is also available.

The hatch covers have four fillers to couple them with air chambers for handling cement.

Drainage sumps in the holds have devices signalling when a sump is full.

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The cargo is often shot straight into the hold and discharged by grabs, pneumatic suction plants and other bulk handling methods.

UNIT 9

Container Ships.

The use of containers has continued to increase in recent years. Containerization means the consolidation of goods of single or mixed commodity1 into a freight container which may be closed or open which would be 10ft, 20ft, 30ft or 40ft in length by 8ft wide and 9ft 6 inch high in external cross-section. A container is designed to be handled mechanically throughout the transit2. Specially designed cellular container ships and efficient port facilities are essential in order to take full advantage of the system.

Ships that carry containers can range from the cellular type full container ship3 or semi-container ship where some of the cargo spaces can be used to carry containers and roll – on / roll – off container ships on which the containers are mounted on the wheels or trailers and are then rolled on the ship and stowed complete with their undercarriage4.

The cellular type full container ship is equipped to carry containers in the holds and on the hatch covers. Within the holds of the vessel there is a cellular structure of angle bars5 forming container guides into which the containers are stored, one on top of another. The containers carried on deck are secured to ensure that they will not shift. The only movement of the container within the ship is vertical, thus loading and discharging is carried out by vertical movement only. Heights of container stacks may be six high in the holds and three high on deck. The number of cells depends on the ship‘s breadth. The distinguishing features of container ships are very large hatch covers and elimination of the tweendecks6. The fore and aft groups of cells are separated by heavy web frames7 to support the cells and give the rigidity8 to the vessel. Each cell is for one container stack and extends

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vertically from the coaming level to the tank-top. The basic functions of the cell-guide system9 are:

1.to facilitate the lowering and positioning of containers;

2.to distribute the lateral loads (arising from the rolling motion of the ship) to the adjacent hull structure10.

Cellular type full container ships are serviced by shore-based or shipboard gantry cranes11 and have the advantage of greater deadweight capacity.

Container ships have a high service speed ranging from 16 to 26 knots, and even up to 30 knots, in dependence on the ship‘s deadweight.

Notes

goods of single or mixed commodity – товары одной или нескольких разновидностей

throughout the transit – на протяжении всей перевозки

cellular type full container ship –специализированное контейнерное судно ячеистого типа

complete with their undercarriage – вместе с тележками

angle bar - угольник

elimination of tweendecks – устранение твиндеков

web frame – рамные бимсы для членения групп ячеек по длине судна

to give rigidity – придать жесткость

cell-guide system – система вертикальных направляющих

to distribute lateral loads to the adjacent hull structure – для равномерного распределения нагрузки на корпус судна при бортовой качке

gantry crane – портальный кран

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