Vocabulary
еgo, (n) “я” (cам), cубъект мысли
сheat, (v) – мошенничать, обманывать
deem, (v) – полагать, думать, считать
conscience, (n) 1. coзнательность, общественное сознание; 2.
совесть; 3. высокая мораль
сonscious, (adj) – 1. сознательный, 2. относящийся к сознанию
consciousness, - (n ) 1.cознание; сознательность
5. denial, (n) – 1. отрицание, отклонение; 2. отказ, несогласие
deny, (v) – 1. отрицать, 2. отказываться
6. displacement, (n) – 1. смещение, перемещение; 2. замещение,
замена
7. hostility, (n) – враждебность, враждебное отношение
hostile, (adj) - враждебный
8. id, (n) – ид ( один из структурных компонентов личности по З.
Фрейду)
9. innate , (adj) – врожденный
10. libido, (n) – 1. либидо; либидозное влечение; энергия либидо
libidinous, (adj) – 1. сладострастный, чувственный; 2.возбуж-
дающий чувственность
11. maladaptive, (adj) – неадекватный
maladapt, (v) – плохо приспосабливаться; 2. плохо использовать
maladaptation, (n) – недостаточная приспособляемость, плохая
адаптация
12. moderation, (n) – 1. умеренность, воздержание; 2. выдержка,
ровность (характера); замедление
13. moderate, (v) – сдерживать, смягчать
14. mold, (v) – формировать, создавать
15. preconscious, (adj) – предсознательный
unconscious, (adj) – подсознательный, бессознательный
16. premise, (n) – ( пред)посылка
17.rationalization, (n) – разумное объяснение, логическое обоснование
rationalize, (v) – давать рациональное объяснение
rationality (n) – разумность, рациональность
rationalism (n) – рационализм
18. reliance, (n) – 1. доверие, уверенность; 2. опора, надежда
reliability, (n) – надежность, достоверность
reliable, (adj) – надежный, достоверный
rely, (v) – полагаться ( on, upon)
19. repression, (n) – 1. подавление, вытеснение; 2. сдерживание
repress, (v) – подавлять, сдерживать
20. revert, (v) – 1. возвращаться в прежнее состояние; 2. возвращаться
к ранее высказанной мысли
21. shift, (v) – перемещать, сдвигать, менять
shift, (n) – перемещение, сдвиг, изменение
22. sublimation, (n) - сублимация
sublimate, (v) –придавать возвышенный характер, сублимировать
23. superego, (n) – суперэго, сверх –“я”
24.trait, (n) – 1. характерная черта (особенность) человека; 2. Признак
DEVELOPING VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Translate the following word combination into Russian paying attention to your active vocabulary
To cheat in an examination , to cheat at cards; conscious superiority, public conscience, to lose consciousness; denial of a request for help, to deny friendship; displacement is a defense mechanism; feeling of hostility, open hostility, social hostility, a hostile look; innate aggression, innate drives, innate feeling of pride; bisexual libido; the maladaptive behavior of slum children; moderation in eating and drinking, to a moderate extent, a moderate appetite; to mold one’s skills; the major premise, minor premise, private premises; rational conduct, to rationalize one’s fears; to place much reliance on the doctor; to rely upon him; unconscious repression, to revert to the original mental condition, to shift one’s ground, a shift in emphasis; universal trait, character trait; unconscious forces.
Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to your active vocabulary.
1. The ego is the part of personality that develops through one’s experience with reality.
2. I was conscious of having offended her. When will she regain consciousness?
4. The id is the totally inborn or inherited portion of personality.
5. He was given a hostile reception . She displaced her hostility towards her friend.
6. Her innate eloquence helped him overcome the difficult situation.
7. Her maladapted speeches would help the cause.
8. You should moderate your language. He showed great moderation in not responding angrily to the attack on his character.
9. His character molded more by his experiences in life than by his education.
10. Aspects of our mental life of which we are not conscious at any moment, but that can be easily brought to awareness are stored at a preconscious level.
11. We are relying on our discretion. His chief reliance was placed on his own courage
12. He rationalized his dislike of authority.
13. The girl is no longer the “center of attention” and reverts to her earlier behavior.
14. He managed to shift attention away from internal problems.
15. Ann’s kindness is one of her most pleasing traits. The common traits in the American character are generosity and energy.
16. He also maintained that most of our mental life took place on the unconscious level.
Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into English using the indicated words from the vocabulary list.
conscious 1. Чувства и мотивы, которые находятся на уровне
unconscious сознания, находятся на уровне подсознания.
deem 2. Он полагал, что его долг помочь этому человеку
преодолеть трудности
deny 3. Он давал своим друзьям то, в чем отказывал своей жене
hostility 4. Она вызывала у вас не что иное, как чувство враж-
дебности.
maladapt 5.Родители решили забрать ребенка из детского дома,
так как он очень плохо приспосабливался к другим
детям.
innate 6. Врожденное чувство ответственности помогло ему
достичь больших высот в этой области.
moderation 7. Выдержка – это способность удерживать свои чувства,
желания и привычки в разумных пределах.
mold 8. Что оказало особое влияние на формирование вашего
характера?
reliable 9. Он – очень ненадежный человек. На его обещания
reliance/rely нельзя положиться.
rationalize 10. Она пыталась дать разумное объяснение своим поступ-
кам, но все понимали, что это не так.
repression 11. Подавление – это возврат к более примитивному уровню,
которое однажды было эффективным.
revert 12. Пациенты с подобными заболеваниями часто возвра –
щаются к исходному состоянию, в котором они нахо-
дились до начала лечения.
Shift 13. Ему всегда удавалось свалить вину на других.
READING
FREUD’S THEORY OF PERSONALITY
A theory is an organized collection of testable ideas used to explain a particular subject matter.
What then is personality? We’ll say that personality includes the affects, behaviours, and cognitions people that characterize them in a number of situations over time. Personality also includes those dimensions we can use to judge people to be different from one another. So with personality theories we are looking for ways that allow us to describe how people remain the same over time and circumstances and to describe differences that we know exist among people. Note that personality somehow resides inside a person; it’s something a person brings to his or her interactions with the environment. Here’s another way of saying the same thing:”Personality refers to the enduring, inner characteristics of individuals that organize their behaviours.”(Deglera et al., 1991, p.2.)
We begin our discussion of personality with the psychoanalytic approach associated with Sigmund Freud and his student. We begin with Ereud because he was the first to present a unified theory of personality. There are many facets to Freud’s theory, but two basic premises characterize the approach: (1) a reliance on innate drives as explanatory concepts for human behaviour, and (2) an acceptance of the power of unconscious forces to mold and shape behavior.
Central to Freudian personality theory is the notion that information, feelings, wants, drivers, desires and the like can be found at various levels of awareness or consciousness. Mental events of which we are actively aware at the moment are conscious or in consciousness. Aspects of our mental life of which we are not conscious at any moment but that can be easily brought to awareness are stored at preconscious level. When you shift your awareness to think about something you may do this evening, those plans were probably already there, in your preconscious mind. Cognitions, feelings and motives that are not available at the conscious level are said to be in the unconscious. Here we keep ideas, memories, and desires of which we are not aware and cannot easily become aware. Remember the significance of the unconscious level of the mind; even though thoughts and feelings are stored there so that we are completely unaware of them the contents of the unconscious mind still influence us. Unconscious content, passing through the preconscious may show itself in slips of the tongue, humour, neurotic symptoms, and dreams. Freud believed that unconscious forces could explain behaviours that otherwise seemed irrational and beyond description. He also maintained that most of our mental life took place on the unconscious level. According to Freudian theory, our behaviours, thoughts, feelings are largely governed by innate biological drivers, referred to as instincts in this context. These are inborn impulses or forces that rule personalities. There may be many separate drivers or instincts, but they can be grouped into two categories. On the one hand are life instincts (errors) or impulses for survival, including those that motivate sex, hunger, and thirst. Each instinct has its own energy that compels us into action (drives us). Freud called the psychic energy through which the sexual instincts operate libido. Opposed to the life instincts are death instincts (thanatos). They are largely impulses of destruction. Directed inward, they give rise to feelings of depression or suicide; directed outward, they result in aggression. In large measure, life (according to Freud) is an attempt to resolve conflicts between these two natural but diametrically opposed instincts.
As we have seen, Freud believed that the mind operates on three interacting levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious, unconscious. Freud proposed that personality also consists of three separate, though interacting structure or subsystems: the id, ego, and superego. Each of these structures or subsystems has its own job to do and its own principles to follow.
The id is the totally inborn or inherited portion of personality. It resides in the unconscious level of the mind and it is through the id that basic instincts develop. The driving force of the id is libido, or sexual energy; although, it may be more fair to say “sensual” rather than “sexual” so as not to imply that Freud was also talking about adult sexual intercourse. The id operates on the pleasure principle, indicating that the major function of the id is to find satisfaction for the basic pleasurable impulses. Although the other divisions of personality develop later, our id remains with us always and is the best energy source in our life.
The ego is the part of the personality that develops through one’s experience with reality. In many ways, it is our self, the rational, reasoning part of our personality. The ego operates on the reality principle. One of the ego’s main jobs is to try to find satisfaction for the id, but it does so in ways that are reasonable and rational. The ego may delay gratification of some libidinal impulse or may need to find an acceptable outlet for some need. Freud said that “the ego stands for reason and good sense while the id stands for untamed passions”. (Freud, 1933).
The last of the three structures to develop is the superego, which we can liken to one’s sense of morality or conscience. It reflects our internalization of society’s rules. The superego operates on the idealistic principle. One problem we have with our superego is that they, like our ids, have no contact with reality and, therefore, often place unrealistic demands on the individual. The superego demands that we do what it deems right and proper, no matter what the circumstances. Failure to do so may lead to guilt and shame. Again, it falls to the ego to try to maintain a realistic balance between the conscience of the superego and libido of the id.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
Exercise 1. Say whether these statements are true (T) or (F), and if they are false (F), say why.
T F 1. Personality includes the effects, behaviours, and
cognition that characterize a person in a variety
of situations .
T F 2. Freud wasn’t the first to present a unified theory of
personality.
T F 3. The psychoanalytic approach is associated with
Sigmund Freud and his followers and it relies on
instincts and the unconscious as explanatory
concepts.
T F 4. Freud maintained that the most of our mental life
took place on the conscious level.
T F 5. Libido in Freud’s theory is the energy that activates
sexual instincts.
T F 6. The id is not the instinctive aspect of personality.
T F 7. The ego is the aspect of personality that refers to its
ethical or moral considerations.
T F 8. Idealistic principle is the force that governs the super-
ego.
T F 9. Id, ego, and superego have their own job to do
and their own principles to follow.
T F 10. Our id remains with us always and is the best energy
source in our life.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Exercise 1. Match the words in the left-hand column with the definitions in the left-hand column.
1. deny a. transfer
2. revert b. state of extreme unfriendliness
3. innate c. self-control
4. fantasy d. return to former state
5. trait e. aspect of personality that refers to its
ethical or moral considerations
6. hostility f. aware
7. shift g. refuse to accept as a fact
8. reliance h. imagination
9. moderation i. possessed from birth
10.deem j. distinguishing character
11.controversial k. instinctive aspect of personality
that seeks immediate gratification
of impulses
12.conscious l. causing much argument
13.superego m. judge
14.id n. trust
Exercise 2. Put the words from the following list into the gaps making necessary changes whenever necessary.
Regression, libido, fantasy, idealistic, ego, preconscious, innate, controversy, superego, conscious.
1. In spite of the aura of _____ that surrounds Ereud, many of his concepts have found acceptance.
2. The _____ operates on the _____ principle, while the superego operates on the _____principle.
3. The driving force of the id is _____ .
4. Aspects of our mental life of which we are not _____ at any moment that can be brought to awareness are stored at _____ level.
5. The last of the three structures to develop is _____ .
6. _____drivers are explanatory concepts of behavior.
7. _____is a defense mechanism that involves imagination or daydreaming as a reaction to stress and anxiety.
8. _____ is a return to earlier, more primitive, even childish level of behavior.
Exercise 3. Arrange the following words in pairs of (a) synonyms and (b) antonyms:
a) to deem, to revert, trait, controversy, fantasy, to mold, hostility, moderate, innate, to return (to a former state), to believe, characteristic, prolonged, argument, imagination, to form, not extreme, possessed from birth, enmity;
b) ego, life instincts, conscious, reliable, superego, unreliable, acceptance, moderate, to tell the truth, death instincts, hostile, innate, friendly, acquired, unconscious, extreme, reality, to cheat, fantasy, denial.
SPEAKING AND DISCUSSION
Exercise 1. Answer the following questions on the text.
1. What is the definition of personality?
2. Who was the first to present a unified theory of personality?
3. What are the main characteristics of Freud’s theory?
4. What are the three levels of consciousness proposed by Freud?
5. What role do instincts play in Freud’s theory?
6. What are the three structures of personality as Freud saw them?
7. What is the driving force of the id? What is the major function of id?
8. What part of the personality is the ego?
9. What is one of the ego’s main jobs?
10. What does superego reflect as one of the three structures of personality?
Exercise 2. Retell the text using your active vocabulary
GRAMMAR REVISION
Conditional sentences
Conditional sentences are used to talk about situations (either real or unreal) and the probable results or consequences of these situations.
They are introduced by the conjunctions: if, in case, provided, unless, suppose, if only, but for and auxiliary should.
Type o conditionals are used to express smth. which is always true. They are also used to talk about smth. which always happens as a result of smth else. They are formed as follows: