Explain the following words in English.
Roanoke - is one of the first English colonics, the coast on the eastern part of United States. In 1587 Roanoke Island was landed (now it is North Carolina). But three years later the colonists were gone. (The reason is unknown). The Roanoke settlement became known as the Lost Colony.
Mayflower - is the 180-ton ship, carrying the Pilgrim Fathers (*the Pilgrims were the first settlers who came to America for religious reasons) to their new life across the Atlantic, left England in 1620. Passengers were the Separatists, or members of the radical wing, who were looking for a land where they could worship in their own way, free from persecution.
the frontier
the Boston Massacre
the Boston Tea Party
Continental Congress
Minutemen
Paul Revere's ride
the Declaration of Independence
Great Compromise - (1787) – is the plan of division of Congress into two parts. 1 - the Senate, each state would have two votes. 2 - the House of Representatives, the number of representatives would be set according to the number of people in each state.
federalism - is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. The term "federalism" is also used to describe a system of the government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (like states or provinces). Federalism is a system in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments, creating what is often called a federation. Proponents are often called federalists.
the Star-Spangled Banner - popular poem of Francis Scott Key, that conveyed the patriotic feeling (of the victory in the war of 1812), was set to music => in 1931 the song became the text of the American national anthem.
the Confederacy - (from 186o) – the union of 9 states, formed when 7 southern states seceded (= left) from the Union, because they considered slaves as property, and they felt themselves no longer protected by the Constitution. But 4 others joined them.
Abolitionist
The Missouri Compromise - (1854) – is the plan of Congress, according which each state was to choose whether its territory would be slave or free.
the Emancipation Proclamation - манифест об освобождении рабов (1863, signed by Lincoln) – is a document which proclaimed that all slaves in states fighting against the Union were free => most blacks joined the Union army => the 13th Amendment to the Constitution freed all slaves.
the Gettysburg Address - (1863) - is the speech of President Lincoln made in Gettysburg (he came to the battlefield a few months after the battle of Gettysburg) when he said: "Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."
sharecropping is a system, when a farmer let a worker live on some of his land and farm it. Sharecroppers, in return, gave the landowner part of their crop. But there were not enough crops + most blacks still owned no property
reconstruction (from 1865) - is the years after the Civil war: abolition of slavery, more factories, transportation system.
Ku Klux Klan – is a group of angry people (racists) about the new freedom for the blacks (the right to vote and be elected to office). They were dressed in white, with white hoods (капюшоны) over their heads, they caught black people, dragged them through the streets, and hanged them.
primary elections - is an election in which party members or voters select candidates for a subsequent election. Primary elections are one means by which a political party nominates candidates for the next general election.
Primaries are common in the United States, where their origins are traced to the progressive movement. There, primary elections are conducted by the government on behalf of the parties. Elsewhere in the world, the nomination of candidates is usually the responsibility of the political party organizations themselves and does not involve the general public.
the Guilded age - In American history, the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today. The name refers to the process of gilding an object with a superficial layer of gold and is meant to make fun of ostentatious display while playing on the term "golden age."
muckrakers - Writers whose exposés of corruption in business and government aroused public opinion and helped spur Progressive-Era reforms. Theodore Roosevelt popularized the term in a 14 April 1906 speech, in which he compared them to the Man with the Muck-rake in Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, who remained so intent on raking the filth at his feet that he failed to look up and behold the celestial crown.
NAACP - The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, usually abbreviated as NAACP, is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909. Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination".Its name, retained in accordance with tradition, is one of the last surviving uses of the term colored people.
Monroe Doctrine - is a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention. The doctrine was introduced by President Monroe when he was enraged at the actions being executed around him.
Roosevelt Corollary - was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserted a right of the United States to intervene in order to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America, if they were unable to pay their international debts.
Big Stick policy - Big Stick ideology, Big Stick diplomacy, or Big Stick policy is a form of hegemony and was the slogan describing U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The term originated from the African proverb "Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far".
Good Neighbor Policy - policy was the foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries of Latin America. Its main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. It also reinforced the idea that the United States would be a “good neighbor” and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries
Prohibition – 1920 - a law that made the sale of alcoholic drinks illegal. Instead, it caused - illegal bars, gangsters becoming wealthy by carrying on a big business, selling poisonous alcohol and other criminal activities. More people drank than before, and they would not obey the law. Finally, in 1933 a law was passed to repeal the experiment with Prohibition.
New Deal by Franklin D. Roosevelt - In 1932 he was elected President. He promised Americans a New Deal - new plans to end the Depression. By 1936 there had been started dozens of programs to create new jobs and help people make a new start. So Roosevelt easily won election to a second term as President. Four years later, in 1940,
he was elected to a third term, which broke the old tradition that limited a President to two terms in office.