Compound Sentences Types of Subordinate Clauses

(Складне речення. Типи підрядних речень)

Підрядне речення підмет
that – що, то що if, whether – чи who – хто what – що, який which – який when – коли where – де how – як why – чому	That he understands his mistake is clear. – Ясно, що він розуміє свою помилку. Whether the train will arrive on time is not known yet. – Чи прийде потяг вчасно, ще не відомо.
Підрядне речення присудок
ті ж самі прислівники	The problem is how to ensure safety. – Задача полягає у тому, як надати безпеку.
Додаткове підрядне речення
that – що if, whether – чи who – хто what – що which – який when – коли where – де how – як why – чому	We know where she lives. – Ми знаємо, де вона мешкає. They said (that) the car had been examined. – Вони сказали, що машину перевірили.
Означальне підрядне речення
who – хто whose – чий, якого which, that – який where – де why – чому	I bought the coat which/that was in the shop window. – Я купив пальто, що було у вітрині магазину. I met the man who/that works in the bank. – Я зустрів людину, яка працює у банку.
Підрядне речення обставини часу
when – коли after – після того, як before – до того як till – до тих пір while – у той час як since – з тих пір як as soon as – як тільки	As soon as he comes let me know. – Як тільки він прийде, повідомь мене. When babies laugh, we know that they are happy. – Коли діти посміхаються, ми знаємо, що вони щасливі. I met my wife while I was at University. – Я зустрів дружину, коли навчався в університеті.
Підрядне речення обставини місця
where – де wherever – де би ні, куди би ні	Wherever you go you must remember about it. – Куди би ви не поїхали, ви повинні пам’ятати про це.
Підрядне речення обставини причини
because – тому що as – так як since – так як	He cannot go to the cinema because he is busy. – Він не може піти у кіно, тому що зайнятий.
Підрядне речення обставини образу дії
as – як that – що as if, as though – як би	She speaks so loudly that everybody can hear her. – Вона говорить так голосно, що усі можуть її чути.
Підрядне речення обставини мети
that – щоб so that, in order that – щоб, для того щоб lest – щоб не	She must speak louder so that everybody can hear her well. – Вона повинна говорити голосніше, щоб усі могли її чути. They kept watch all night lest robbers come. – Вони чергували усю ніч, щоб не зайшли грабіжники.
Підрядне речення обставини умови
if – якщо provided that, on condition that – при умові що unless – якщо тільки не	I won’t marry you unless you give up smoking. – Я не піду за тебе заміж якщо ти не кинеш палити. I’ll give you the day off on condition that you work on Saturday morning. – Я дам тобі вихідний при умові, що ти робитимеш у неділю.

Exercise 26 Translate the sentences paying attention to subordinate clauses.

1. He explained that network of roads covered the whole country. 2. He explained that the network of roads that covered the country was mainly concentrated in the Eastern part. 3. If the scientists could predict the earthquake in an area the population would be evacuated from the district in time. 4. He asked if everything was arranged for the meeting. 5. He asked him whether he had taken part in the conference. 6. We’ve been waiting here since two o’clock. 7. Since you are unable to answer, perhaps we should ask someone else. 8. Unless the alloy (сплав) possessed the required qualities it could not be used in rocket engineering. 9. The attempt to improve the performance of the engine will be successful provided you take into consideration all factors.

Exercise 27 Join the sentences with who or which.

Beginnings	Ends
Do you know a shop? I know somebody. I want some plates. I was at school with the man. I’d like to speak to the person. She’s got friendly with a boy. The police haven’t found the man. There’s some cheese in the fridge. We’ve got some light bulbs. This is the switch.	He lives next door. He stole my car. He/She deals with exports. It isn’t working. It needs to be eaten. It sells good coffee. They last for years. She could mend that chair. They can go in the microwave. He is driving that taxi.

Exercise 28 Put in which or what.

Model: He got married again, which surprised everybody (which – відноситься до всього речення). I hope you’ll give me what I need.

1. She cycles to work every day, ... keeps her healthy. 2. I very much liked ... you said at the meeting. 3. They gave me ... I asked for. 4. The lights suddenly went out, ... frightened Granny terribly. 5. This is ... I need. 6. Everybody arrived late, ... didn’t surprise me in the least. 7. The door was locked, ... I wanted to knew. 8. He wouldn’t tell me ... I wanted to know. 9. She let me borrow one of her dresses, ... was very kind of her. 10. We’re going to have to repair the roof, ... will cost a fortune.

Якщо підрядне речення уточнює, що саме мається на увазі, і не може бути пропущене без втрати змісту, воно називається Identifying Clause. Перед таким реченням кома не ставиться:

I like the course that I’m doing now.

Who was that man who said hello to you?

We’re looking for a pub that serves food.

Якщо підрядне речення надає додаткову необовязкову інформацію, що можна пропустити, то таке речення наивається Non-Identifying Clause і кома у такому реченні ставиться.

I’ll be away on 10 June, which is a Thursday.

Aristotle was taught by Plato, who founded the Acamedy at Athens.

Exercise 32 Look at the following pairs of sentences. Which relative clauses are Identifying?

1. The woman who does my hair has just had a baby. Dorothy, who does my hair, has just had a baby. 2. She married a man whom she met on a bus. She married a nice architect from Belfast, Whom she met on a bus. 3. Have you got a book that’s really easy to read? I lent him The Old Man and the Sea, which is really easy to read. 4. What did you think of the wine that we drank last night? I poured him a glass of wine, which he drank at once.

Exercise 33 Insert commas for the Non-Identifying Relative Clause.

Model: Sheila, who I first got to know at university, was one of six children. This is the story that amazed the world. (no change)

1. The thing that most regret is not going to university. 2. My two daughters who are 16 and 13 are both interested in dancing. 3. The town where I was born has changed dramatically. 4. I didn’t like the clothes which were in the sale. 5. Salt that comes from sea is considered to be the best for cooking. 6. Salt whose qualities have been known since pre-historic times is used to season and preserve food. 7. The CD that I bought yesterday doesn’t work. 8. You know the book that you paid $20 for? I just got it for $5. 9. The area of England where I’d most like to live is Devon, in the West Country. 10. Devon where my mother’s family comes from is famous for its lovely countryside and dramatic coastline.

Gerund

(Герундій)

	Active	Passive
Indefinite (Simple)	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

Герундій – це нeособова форма дієслова, що має властивості дієслова та іменника (віддієслівний іменник). Герундій називає дію як процес: reading читання, listening слухання.

Неперфектна форма виражає дію, одночасну з дією присудка; може відноситися до майбутнього, або не залежати від часу.

We intend shipping the goods in May. – Ми сподіваємося відправити товари у травні. (відноситься до майбутнього)

He likes being invited by his friends. – Він любить, коли його запрошують друзі. (не залежить від часу)

He sat without turning his head. – Він сидів, не обертаючись. (одночасна дія)

Перфектна форма виражає дію, що відбулася раніше дії присудка.

Thank you for having helped me. – Дякую, що допомогли мені.

Після прийменників on, after вживається неперфектний герундій:

After talking to you I always feel better. – Після того, як я з тобою поговорю, я завжди почуваю себе краще.