I. Translate the text into Ukrainian in writing.

Most people realize that the sense organs must function properly in order for perception to occur, but they usually assume that the organs furnish the brain with copies of the external world. This is not so. There are knotty philosophical issues involved in this question, but here we raise the point more modestly to call attention to certain characteristic difference between the physical world and the perceived world.

There are vast differences between the ‘real’, or physical, world, as it is defined and measured by the instruments of physical science, and the perceived world of normal, unaided observations. Some kinds of difference will be important to us in this book.

I do not intend to imply that the physical world is more or less ‘real’ than the perceived world, since the term ‘reality’ has no specific scientific meaning; however, the physical world does have certain exceedingly useful consistencies that, as we shall see, the perceived world does not always display — and vice versa.

I. Translate the text into Ukrainian in writing.

Habits are behaviour or feelings that are associated with particular settings or situations. We learn ways of acting in certain places, or with certain people, and these come back to us if we find ourselves in that situation again. At such times, we can surprise ourselves with how we react. It is interesting, for example, how an exam room can affect us, even if we are actually taking the exam. Exam rooms are something we always only encounter at school and under quite tense conditions. People are usually worried and anxious when they go into an exam room to take an exam. Because we do not usually have anything to do with them at other times, those feeling of worry and anxiety come flooding back when we go into an exam room – even years later. So we act nervously, and not like our usual selves at all.

Translate the text into Ukrainian in writing.

Men and women do think differently, at least where the anatomy of the brain is concerned, according to a new study.

The brain is made primarily of two different types of tissue, called gray matter and white matter. This new research reveals that men think more with their gray matter, and women think more with white. Researchers stressed that just because the two sexes think differently, this does not affect intellectual performance.

New findings show that in general, men have nearly 6.5 times the amount of gray matter related to general intelligence compared with women, whereas women have nearly 10 times the amount of white matter related to intelligence compared to men.

These findings suggest that human evolution has created two different types of brains designed for equally intelligent behavior. By pinpointing these gender-based intelligence areas, the study has the potential to aid research on dementia and other cognitive-impairment diseases in the brain.

I. Translate the text into Ukrainian in writing.

What has happened there is that the behaviour and feelings which are associated with a particular situation have been brought back, simply by being in that situation again. You might habitually buy certain goods, simply because you have bought that thing in the past in that particular shop. Sometimes we do things like this even though we meant to try something else, purely because that association of that particular action with that particular situation is so strong.

The same thing can happen, too with interpersonal relationships. For example, if you meet someone who you have not seen for a while, you can find yourself returning back into ways of behaving with them that are not like the way that you behave with other people. Being with that person brings back old habits, and it is sometimes hard to break out of them.