§ 4. Health service in russia

Public health services in Russia are organized locally under the Ministry of Health. Each region has its own head of health service, usually a physician, who is often in the governor's cabinet.Teams of physicians with experience in various specialities work at polyclinics or outpatient units, w here many types of diseases are treated. Small towns usually have one polyclinic to serve all purposes. Large cities commonly have separate polyclinics lor children and adults.

People have access to a large number of primary medical care options. Children are often taken to pediatricians. Adults frequently make their initial contact with the health service at district polyclinics. Each polyclinic has a number of general practitioners well as doctors of particular specialities. The doctors examine their patients in the consulting rooms though home visits.

Along with the state medical care establishments a w ide system of private clinics and hospitals is developing gradually.

§ 5. National health service in gb

The National Health Service (NHS) was established in 1948 to provide high- quality free medical treatment in hospital and outside. Its fundamental principle was equitable access for all, regardless of wealth.

The entire system is free. Anyone entering hospital for surgery will receive all their treatment while in hospital, including drugs, free of charge.

The system, from the public's point of view, is very simple. Most doctors in the country are General Practitioners (GPs) and they are the heart of the system. The GP then arranges for whatever tests, surgery, specialist consultation or medicine are considered necessary. The NHS employs well over a million people. Medical practitioners frequently have to decide which patients should get the limited resources available and which will have to wait. There are a number or private medical insurance schemes in the country. Such schemes are becoming increasingly popular. NHS patients who need a non-urgent operation often have to' wait more than a year. There are also some hospitals and clinics which are completely private. These are sometimes called «nursing homes».

6 The human body and the organism as a whole

There are three chief parts of the human body, the head, the trunk and limbs

Of extremities. The skeleton of the body is composed of 223 bones. The bone framework of the heard, enclosing the brain and supporting the face is skill. The skeleton of the trunk consists of the spinal column. The trunk is divided into two large cavities by the diaphragm.

The upper cavity contains heart and lungs. The lungs belong to the respiratory system. Kidneys and bladder are parts ofthe urinary system. The heart, the arteries, veins constitute the cardiovascular system.

There are several mam systems of the body: the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine and the reproductive systems.

The vital activities of the cells, tissues, organs and the whole organism are based on metabolism.

The regulations between the various systems of organs can be demonstrated by the coordinated changes in their activities.