1. Do you see change as a danger, an opportunity or a challenge?

2. What is considered to be a key to success in a company?

3. What trends do you see emerging in the strategy of a large company?

Do you see change as a danger, an opportunity or a challenge

To my mind, change is a difficult social process, and we can’t state with sure it is dangerous or not. Let’s imagine, that you have lost all your money or become a bankrupt. Such changes are of great dangerous. But if you have promoted or launched a new project, these changes will be good for you. But I think that every

change is an opportunity for you or your company to become better, to obtain something new. Every experience is useful, even if it is negative.

What is considered to be a key to success in a company?

An organization’s most precious asset may well be its people, and above all what they know. A company's accumulated knowledge and experience is part of company culture and is increasingly seen as a key to success. Many now believe that this collective knowledge and accumulated years of experience is something to cultivate and develop. Some companies have appointed a chief knowledge officer who creates systems to make this knowledge available to the company as a whole in a process of knowledge capitalization.

What trends do you see emerging in the strategy of a large company?

Nowadays, when the world is developing every day, large companies

-have chosen a strategy of changing to become more efficient. So, what are main trends in a strategy of a large company? Firstly, companies

-downsize and delayer, getting rid of levels of middle-management in order to become leaner, flatter ,more efficient.

Another trend

is re-engineering, the idea that an organization should not change incrementally, but should start again from scratch with no preconceptions about how things should be done, not just in manufacturing but in all the processes that contribute to what an organization does, hence business process re-engineering, or BPR.

Thirdly. large companies consider that its people and corporate culture are the most important assets. And after all many large companies try to use the Internet to develop and change.

To sum it up, I would like to say that changes emerging in large companies are likely to make all the business more efficient, profitable and progressive.

Unit 5MONEY

1. Which types of financial institutions do you know?

2. What is the difference between issuers, brokers and traders?

3. Describe different kinds of securities and different kinds of markets.

Which types of financial institutions do you know?

This is for example banks, insurance companies, mutual funds (unit trusts in the UK) and pension funds who may, of course, be investing the money of private individuals indirectly.

The markets they invest in include the money and currency markets, stock markets for shares (also known as equities), commodities markets for anything from gold to pork bellies (used for making bacon), and property (buildings and land).

Let’s stop on several institutions.

The most famous money institution in every country is bank.

Bank is a financial institution that acts as a payment agent for customers, and borrows and lends money. Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current account, accepting term deposits and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds. Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current account, by making installment loans, and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of lending.

A mutual fund is a professionally-managed firm of collective investments that pools money from many investors and invests it in stocks, bonds, short-term money market instruments, or other securities. In a mutual fund, the fund manager, trades the fund's underlying securities, realizing capital gains or losses, and collects the dividend or interest income.

What is the difference between issuers, brokers and traders?

Issuers- a company that makes its securities available for sale

BROKER – a person or organization that buys and sells securities, currencies, property, insurance etc for others (is an intermediary between issure of securities and potential investors who buy the securities).

Traders – someone who deals in shares, bonds, currencies, commodities etc on a market either for themselves or for a financial institution

Bond and currency markets, are 'virtual', in the sense that selling and trading takes place by phone and computer between the premises of issuers, brokers and traders. (A broker is an intermediary between an issuer of securities such as bonds, a seller of a property, etc., and potential investors who buy the securities. But with Big Bang deregulation, many brokers of securities are also traders, having their own supplies of securities to sell, and make money on trading or dealing, hence the term - securities house.)

Describe different kinds of securities and different kinds of markets.

From the point of view of investors, the world's financial markets exist in order to channel money to profitable investment activities and projects. From the point of view of

-borrowers such as companies and governments, financial centers exist so that they can find capital on the best terms.

Most investors are not private individuals but institutions like banks, insurance companies, mutual funds and pension funds who may, of course, be

-investing the money of private individuals indirectly. The markets they invest in

- include the money and currency markets, stock markets for shares (also known as equities),

commodities markets for anything from gold to pork bellies (used for making bacon), and property (buildings and land).

There are also markets for futures in currencies, equities, bonds and commodities: a future is a fixed-price contract to buy a certain amount of something for delivery at a fixed future date.

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