Index
Acheson, Dean, 151, 243n26; on Soviet Union, 156,158; and East Asia, 168; on public opin ion, 180
Adams, Charles Francis, 33
Adams, John: and Alexander Hamilton, 23, 27; and revolution, 92-101 passim, 123, 240n3; onmillennia! role, 191
Adams, John Quincy: and Latin America, 31, 59,101; onforeign-policy limits, 195
Addams, Jane, 39
Africa: late nineteenth-century view on, 79; in ColdWar policy, 162,164-66,183-84
Aguinaldo, Emilio: images of, 84-85 Allende, Salvador, 184
Alliance for Progress, 166 Almond, Gabriel, 12 America First, 147,150
American Diplomacy, 1900-1950 (Kennan): dis cussionof, 5-8
AmericanProgress(paintingby Gast), 57
American Revolution: as a model, 95,96, 102, 116,130,186
Anglo-Saxonism, 140; in nineteenth and early twentiethcenturies, 77-80,127,129-30,133, 134; andWorldWar II interventionists, 14950; and ColdWar, 162,163,164,188
Angola, 184,186 Anti-Imperialist League,39
Antisemitism: in late nineteenth century, 79; and response to Holocaust, 145
Arabs, 177; recent view on, 163 Aron, Raymond, 234n12 AtlanticCharter,147
Atlantic Council: and ideological revitalization,
188
Barnet, Richard, 2
Batista, Fulgencio, 139,176
Beard, Charles, 234n21
Bell, Daniel, 234n12 Benton, Thomas Hart, 33
Berle,AdolfA., Jr.: on revolution, 138 Beveridge, Albert J.: and overseas expansion,
38,40-41,78,81; andWilson policy, 135
"Black legend," 101; described, 58; cartoons on, 65-66; and Kennan, 163
Blacks, view on: in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 46, 47, 48, 51, 81; in cartoons, 63, 68,82-84,86-89,118,141; in twentieth cen tury, 127,130,163
Bolshevism, fear of: provoked by Russian Rev olution, 113-16; cartoons on, 120-22; in in terwar period, 134,138-39, 148; afterWorld War II, 155-56. See also Soviet Union Borah,William E.: and interventionism, 136 Borg, Dorothy: on EastAsianpolicy,233n2 Boston Courier: onrevolutionin France,104 Bourne,Randolph: andWorldWar I, 135 Breese, Sidney, 106
Britain, 43; eighteenth-century view on, 19-20, 22-23, 25, 94; nineteenth-century view on, 78; twentieth-century view on, 133-34, 148; and foreign-policy ideology, 191. See also Anglo-Saxonism
Bryan, William Jennings, 39; and overseas ex pansion, 41; in cartoon, 83; andWorldWar I,
134
Brzezinski, Zbigniew: as Carter adviser, 185-86 Buchanan, James: on Mexicans, 60; on Russia,
Ill
Bundy brothers, 151 Burke, Edmund, 130
Calhoun, John C., 33; on MexicanWar, 34 Calleo, David, 2
Cambodia, 173,186
255
256 * Index
Canada,28,32 Carnegie,Andrew,39 Carranza,Venustiano,110
Carter, Jimmy, 187; views of, 184-85; policy problems of,185-86
Cass, Lewis, 106; on American Revolution, 102 Castro,Fidel,166,175
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): and Congo crisis, 165-66; andLatinAmerica,167
Century Group, 149 Cherokees, 54
Chiang Kai-shek, 139,169
Chile: cartoon on, 64; and Nixon administration,
184
China, 6, 9, 174, 175; general attitudes toward, xiii; eighteenthand nineteenth-century view on, 69-71, 80; early twentieth-century view on, 71, 77, 127, 131, 132, 133; early twen tieth-century policy toward, 71, 108; in car toons, 72-75, 83, 143-44; reaction to revolution in, 107-08, 139, 169; interwar view on, 139, 140; Cold War view on, 162, 163, 164, 168; Cold War policy toward, 169; recentpolicy toward, 182-88 passim
Churchill,Winston,147 Civil-rights movement, 161
Clay, Henry: on Latin American revolutions, 101 Cleveland, Grover, 39; and McKinley policy,
40; on Chinese, 70
Cold War policy: recent critics of, 1-4, 189, 192-93; ideological origins of, 150-59; and national greatness, 154, 156, 157-59; and views on race, 161-66; and response to rev olution, 161, 166-67, 175-76; and approach to "Third World," 164-70; and Nixon admin istration, 182-84,188; and Carter and Reagan administrations, 185-89
Colombia: view of,131
CommitteeonthePresentDanger,188 Committee to Defend America by Aiding the
Allies,149
"Common Sense" (Paine), 19-20
Congo: and ColdWar, 165-66 Congress for Cultural Freedom,234n12 Containment doctrine,153,154,159
Continental expansion: process of, 27-30; and sectional conflict, 35-36; and race thinking,
52-55,58,60-61.SeealsoMexicanWar Coolidge,Calvin: on Soviet Union,138 Cooper,JamesFenimore: onrevolution, 103 Corwin,Thomas: onMexicanWar,33 Council of Economic Priorities, 247n6
Council on Foreign Relations, 137,154 Craig, Gordon: on diplomatic history, xi Creeks, 54
Crittenden,John J.,33
Cuba, 28,175,176; nineteenth-century view on,
31, 61-62; cartoons on, 66-68, 84, 86-88; reactiontorevolutionin,107,139,167
Cultural interpretation: described, 12-17; applied to U.S. case,13-14,17-18,201-02
Darwinism,36,126; andAnglo-Saxonism,79
DawesAct (1877),55
Defense spending: and World War I, 136; after World War II, 177-78, 179-80,187,245n60, 248n9; domestic impact of, 178-79, 247nn4, 6, 248n7; proposed retrenchment of, 230n40 Democratic party: and Mexican War, 32-33,34,
35; and overseas expansion,36,39 DengXiaoping,185
Development policy: described, 159-62; and ColdWar,175
Diaz,Porfirio,109
"Discourses on Davila" (John Adams), 240n3 Dollar diplomacy: described, 242n1
Domestic reform: and foreign-policy ideology,
177-78,196-97
Douglas, Stephen, 106
Dulles, John Foster: view of "Third World,"
163-64,165,166,169
Dulles brothers,151,243n26 Dunne,Finley Peter,39
East Asia: view on, 69-71, 77; policy toward,
132-33,145,167-70,233n2.Seealsospecific countries
Economic interest: in New Left interpretation, 9-11, 234n21; in cultural interpretation, 1213; and race thinking, 90; and Mexican Rev olution,109,241n29
Education: as check on foreign-policy ideology,
193-94,250n33
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 189; view of "Third World," 164, 165, 167, 169; defense policy of,179-80
Election: of 1900,41; of 1920,136
Eley,Geoff: on nation building,17
Elite: in New Left interpretation, 9-10; in cul tural interpretation, 12-17 passim, 190; and response to revolution, 105, 106, 111-12, 114-16,123-24; composition of in twentieth century, 137, 150-51, 243n26; and interven-
tion in World War II, 149-50; and costs of foreign policy, 178, 179
El Salvador, 186, 187
Erikson, Eric H.: on ideology, 14 Ethiopia, 186
Ethnicity: and response to revolution, 105, 106, 123; and twentieth-century policy, 123, 136, 147-48; and origins of twentieth-century pol icy elite, 137
Europe: policy toward, 21-27, 28, 133-35, 138, 159; response to nineteenth-century revolu tions in, 102-06. See also specific countries
Everett, Edward: onrevolution, 102-03
"FarewellAddress"(Washington), 26 Federalist party: on Jacobinism, 26, 98-99 Feinberg, Richard, 2, 3
Ford, Gerald, 184
ForeignAffairs, 154
Forrestal, James, 155; on aggression, 152 Fourteen Points, 134
France, view on: in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 23, 80, 98-99; revolution in, 95, 97-100, 104-05, 112, 130; illustrated, 11819; in interwar period, 137
Franco, Francisco, 139
Franklin, Benjamin, 19; and territorial expan sion, 46-47; and race, 46-48
Free Soil party, 35; and revolution, 106
Gallatin, Albert: and Mexican War, 34 Gast, John: painting by, 57
Geertz, Clifford: on ideology, 8, 12, 171 Gender as a theme in race thinking: illustrated,
49, 56-57, 66-67, 84, 142; discussed, 59-61, 62, 140
Geopolitics: described, 152-53; critique of, 176, 194
Georgia, governor of: on Indian treaties, 53 Germany: Franklin on, 46, 47-48; nineteenth
and twentieth-century view on, 78-79, 80, 133-34, 148, 156, 163; and Cold War policy, 159; foreign-policy ideology of, 191
Giddings, Joshua R., 33 Gomez, Maximo: in cartoon, 84
Good Earth, The (motion picture), 140 Gorki, Maxim: visit to New York, 112 Gramsci, Antonio, 12
"Great-cycle theory": described, 151-52; cri tique of, 194
Great Society, 177, 180
Greece, 139, 164; reaction to independence
Index* 257
struggle of, 102-03, 22ln21; and Cold War policy, 157-58, 159
Greeley, Horace: onMexicanWar, 34 Grenada, 187
Guatemala: intervention in, 167 Gurtov, Melvin, 2
Haig, Alexander: on national greatness, 249n24 Haiti: view on, 59, 100, 127; in cartoons, 63,
141
Hamilton, Alexander: views of, 23-24, 25-26, 98; policy of, 24-25; influence on Adams and Jefferson administrations, 27-28
Harding,Warren G., 136, 138
Harriman, Averell, 151; and Soviet Union, 155 Harrison, Benjamin, 39; on Chinese immigra-
tion, 70
Hawaii: debate over annexation of, 80-81; in cartoon, 84
Herter, Christian: on Castro, 166
Historians: treatment of U.S. policy, xiii, 4-11; as policy critics, 173
Hoar, George F., 39
Ho Chi Minh, 169
Holocaust: response to, 145, 244n37 Hoover, Herbert: on Russian Revolution, 138 House, Edward, 133
Houston, Sam, 29 Howells, William Dean, 39 Huerta, Victoriana, 109
Hughes, Charles Evans, 137, 243n36; policy of, 138
Huks, 169
Hull, Cordell: and Japan, 140, 145
Hungary: reaction to nineteenth-century revo lution, in, 104
Ickes, Harold L.: on Lindbergh, 150
Ideology: defined, xi; and U.S. case, xii-xiii, 125, 171-72; costs in U.S. case, 177-79, 248n7; in comparative perspective, 191; and policy reform, 197-98; 1950s critics of, 234nl2
"Imperial presidency": rise of, 178, 181 India, 164
Indians (native Americans): view on, 46, 47, 5355, 58, 127, 130-31; population decline of, 52-53; policy toward, 53-55; in illustrations, 56-57
Industrial Workers of the World, 112 Infantilization as a theme in race thinking: dis-
258 * Index
Infantilization (continued)
cussed,61,62;illustrated,64,68,74,76,8388,141
Interwar policy:and debate over national great ness,135-38,145-50;and Republican admin istrations, 137-38; and attitudes toward revolution, 138-39; and views on race, 13940,145
Iran,176;reaction to revolution in,185,186 Iraq,163
Israel,177
Italy,156
Jackson, Andrew: and continental expansion, 29, 54; on national greatness, 30; on French revolution of 1830,104
Jackson,C. D.:on "ThirdWorld," 164 James,William,39
Japan,174;late nineteenthand early twentieth century view on, 71, 77, 80, 114, 127, 131, 132;interwar view on,140,145;cartoons on, 143-44;WorldWar II view on,163,244n35; in Cold War policy, 168, 169; and foreign policy ideology,191
Japanese-Americans, internment of, 178, 224n35
Jay,John:missionto Britain,24-25 Jay treaty:24-26
Jefferson, Thomas, 235n2; view on national greatness,22-28 passim;expansionist legacy, 30, 40; view on race, 53, 59; view on revo lution, 92, 94-101, 123; on foreign-policy costs,178
Jews:view on,79,163,177 Jim Crow,161
Johnson, Lyndon B., 182; on geopolitics, 152; and "Third World," 167, 170; and defense spending,180
Jordan,David Starr,39
Kellogg,Frank B.,137,139;policy of,138 Kennan, George F., 173; as historian, 5-8,
234nn13,14; and Cold War policy, 153-54, 158, 234n15;influence of foreign-policy ide ology on,154,162-63
Kennedy, John F., 160; and the 'Third World," 165-70 passim;and defense spending,180
Kennedy brothers,151 Khmer Rouge,173 Khomeini,Ruhollah,185 Kim II Sung,168
Kissinger, Henry: on policy-making, 1, 17;
views of, 182-83, 184, 248n15; policy style of,182,188
Knox,Philander C.,137,242n1 Korea:in ColdWar policy,168,169
Korean War: and Truman policy, 168; public support for,181
Kossuth,Louis,106;U.S. tour of,104
La Follette,Robert,Sr.,135
Lansing,Robert,133;on bolshevism,115,123 Latin America:nineteenth-century view on,5862, 79, 80, 100-01, 238n18; 1890s policy toward, 61-62, 131; reaction to revolutions in,100-02,108-10,167;interventionist pol icy toward, 110, 132, 140, 167; twentieth century view on, 127, 131, 140, 163, 16667; twentieth-century policy toward,131-32, 139, 166-67; cartoon on, 142. See also spe
cific countries
League ofNations,134,137 Leahy,William,155 Lebanon,187
Legalism. See Realist interpretation Lindbergh,Charles A.,156;influence of ideology
on, 147-48; and Roosevelt administration, 148-49,150
Lippmann,Walter: on historical perspective, 1; on power politics, 174; on public opinion, 181-82,234n14
Lipset,Seymour Martin,234n12
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 110, 236n28; on national greatness, 37, 40, 137; racial views of, 58, 140
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr.: On "Third World," 163-64
LonNol,173
Louisiana Purchase,27-28
Lumumba,Patrice,165-66
MacArthur,Douglas:and KoreanWar,168 McCarthyism,178
McGrath,J. Howard:on Communist threat,156 McKinley,William, 6,9, 14; policy of,38, 41, 61-62;view on national greatness,38,81;in
cartoons,75,86 Madero,Francisco,109
Madison, James; and Hamilton policy, 24, 25; on acquisition of Canada,32
Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 153, 236n28; views of, 37,79-80
Mann,Thomas C.:on Latinos,166
Marshall, George C.: and Communist threat, 155-56
Marshall Plan,159
Marx,Karl: on influence of the past,171 Metaxas,John,139
Mexican War, 181; outcome of,29,35; debate over war aims,32-35,60-61
Mexico,163; view on,60-61, 101,109-10; re sponse to revolution in, 108-10,139; in car toon,141
Meyer,George von L.,111
Midwest (region): and response to revolution, 106
Millennialism: and foreign-policy ideology, 191-92,249n31
Miscegenation, 131; as theme in race thinking, 59,61
Monroe Doctrine,62,166; at turn of the century, 131-32
Moralism. See Realist interpretation Morocco crisis (1905),133 Morris,Gouverneur: on French Revolution,99
Motion pictures: as sources of racial images,140 Mozambique,184
Mussolini,Benito,139
Nasser,GamalAbdel,164 Nast,Thomas: cartoons by,73,119
Nationalism: and foreign-policy ideology, 3-4, 17,42, 176, 189-93,236n28; and Cold War policy,188-89
National Security Council,184
NativeAmericans. See Indians
Nativism: and East Asian immigrants, 70, 77; and European immigrants, 78, 105; after World War I,115,139
New Deal,177
New England (region): and foreign-policy ide ology,43-44,106
New Left interpretation: described, 8-10; and Marxism,10; critique of,10-11,14; and pro gressive historians,10,234n21; literature dis cussed,220-21,202,208,209
New York Times: reaction to revolution, 105, 113,115,116
Ngo Dinh Diem, 176; U.S. support for, 169, 170
Nicaragua, 176,186,187; and Stimson mission, 139
Nicholas II (Russian czar),111
Nixon,Richard M.: and foreign-policy ideology,
Index* 259
182-84; policy style of,182,188; Reagan re action against,187
Norodom Sihanouk,173
Norris,GeorgeW.: andWilson policy,135
North American Review: on Latinos,101 NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization,159 NSC 68 (policy study),158-59,245n60
Nuclear-arms race: and relations with Soviet Union, 182-87 passim; and foreign-policy ideology,250n37
Nye,Gerald: and interventionism,136
Olney,Richard,39; on national greatness, 131 Open-door interpretation. See New Left
interpretation
Open-door policy. See China "Orientals." See China; Japan; Philippines
O'Sullivan,John L.: on national greatness,3031
Packenham,Robert,2
Paine,Thomas,186,191,192; on national great ness,19-20; on Jay treaty,25
Palmer,A. Mitchell,115
Panama Canal, 187; and Theodore Roosevelt, 131
Paris Commune, 119, 130; reaction to, 105,106 Pericles: on empire,195-96,197-98
Perry expedition,71
Philippines, 181; view on, 38-39, 41, 80, 81, 127-33 passim; cartoons on, 82-84, 86, 89; policy toward,107,168,169
Podhoretz, Norman: and ideological revitaliza tion,188
Point Four,160,166
Poland,155; reaction to nineteenth-century rev olution in,103
Political repression: and foreign-policy ideology, 99,115,178,244n35
Polk,James K.: policies of,29,32,34-35 Popular views: on foreign-policy past; xii; on
Cold War policy, 4. See also Public opinion Proctor,Redfield: on Spain,58
Public opinion: and the Cold War, 1, 186, 18889; in realist interpretation,7,234nn13,14; in interwar period, 136, 137, 145, 244n36; and foreign-policy ideology, 180-82; measure ment of,242n25; and ranking of foreign coun tries,247n3
Puerto Rico: in cartoons,68,84,86
260 * Index
Racial types: discussed, 48; illustrated, 49-50 Randolph, John: on Latinos, 59
Ravena!, Earl, 2-3,250n40
Reagan, Ronald, 1, 4; and foreign-policy ide ology, 186-87; policies of, 187-88
Realist interpretation: described, 5-7; on role of experts, 7-8; critique of, 7-8, 14-15; litera ture discussed, 219-220
Realpolitik: in twentieth-century policy, 132, 182-83, 189; and foreign-policy ideology,
174
Red Scare(1919-20), 114-15
Republicanism: and late eighteenthand nine teenth-century policy, 22-24,27-28,30-34, 38-40,44; in twentieth-century policy, 13536, 147-49, 157; as basis for a new policy,
194-98
Republican party, 35; and Jay treaty, 25; interwar influentials of, 137-38
Rhee, Syngman, 168 Rhodesia, 184
Robins, Raymond: on bolshevism, 115 Rockefeller, Nelson: on Latin America, 166-67 Rockefeller brothers, 151
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 156, 189; policy of,
139, 146-47, 150, 155,244n37; influence of foreign-policy ideology on, 140,145-47,162; viewed by cold warriors, 151-52,153
Roosevelt, Theodore, 153,189; and foreign-pol icy ideology, 40, 111-12, 126-28; policy of,
131-33
Root, Elihu, 111,113,137,151
Rostow, Walt W.: and development theory, 16061
Rostow brothers, 151
Rusk, Dean 243n26; on geopolitics, 152; on SouthAfrica, 165
Russia: late nineteenth-century view on, 79,80; reaction to revolution in, 111-15. See also Soviet Union
Santo Domingo: reaction to revolution in, 100 Saturday Evening Post: on bolshevism, 113
Schumpeter, Joseph: on Roman Empire, 195 Schurz, Carl, 39; and McKinley policy, 40 Science: and race thinking, 48,161
Sellar,Walter C.: onhistory, 125 Seminoles, 54
Seward, William: on national greatness, 35-36 Shah of Iran (Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlevi),
176
Sharpeville massacre, 165
Sherman, William T.: on Indians, 55 Shils, Edward, 234n12
Shultz, George: on freedom, 249n24 Sioux, 54
Skin color: and race thinking, 48, 51, 59, 90, 237n3
Slavs, 163; view on, 79,80,111-12; in cartoons,
121-22
Socialist party, 112
Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 186 Somoza family, 139,176
South(region): and foreign-policy ideology, 4344,51,60,100,106; and outlook of twentieth century presidents, 128, 129, 130, 163, 184
South Africa, 177; view on apartheid in, 165 Soviet Union, 7, 174, 175; response to creation
of, 113-16; cartoon on, 120; interwar view on, 138-39, 148, 156; early Cold War view on, 153-59, 168; recent policy toward, 18287 passim
Spain, 28,31; view on, 58,61, 139,238n18; in cartoons, 65-66
Spanish-American War, 181; debate over peace terms, 37-41, 81, 90, 128; Wilson's reaction to, 128-29; Lodge on, 138
Stalin, Joseph, 156,157
Stettinius, Edward R., 155; on Latin America,
166
Stimson, Henry L., 137, 139, 151; policy views of, 138,140,145,155
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), 180, 183-87 passim
Strong, Josiah, 236n28; on national greatness,
37
Sumner, Charles, 33
Sumner, William Graham, 39; and McKinley policy, 40
Taft, William Howard, 137; on Philippines, 81; policy of, 108,109,241n1
Taiwan, 169,187
"Third World": conception of, 159, 162; and recent Cold War policy, 183-87 passim
Tocqueville, Alexis de: on American attachment to property, 124
Tokyo war crimes trial, 244n35
Tragedy of American Diplomacy, The (Wil liams): discussionof, 8-11
Trist, Nicholas, 35
Truman, Harry S.: and foreign-policy ideology,
152, 156-57, 163, 169, 170; policy of, 157-
59, 160, 165, 167-69, 245n60; and defense spending,180
Truman Doctrine,157-58 Turkey,158,159
Twain, Mark (pseud. of William Langhorne Clemens),39
United Mine Workers,112
Van Buren,Martin,33
Vance,Cyrus: as secretary of state,185 Veblen,Thorstein: on nationalism,192 Verba,Sidney,12
Vietnam,186; view on,162,164,184
Vietnam War, 175; postwar reactions to, 1, 187, 188; origins of,169-70; costs of,173,247nl; and foreign-policy ideology, 176-77; public support for, 181; termination of, 182, 183, 184
Villa,Pancho,110
Walker,Robert J.: on Mexicans,60 Washington, George, 21; and Jay treaty, 26;
view of French Revolution,98-99 Watergate,178,181
Index* 261
Webster,Daniel,33 Welles,Sumner: onAfricans,162
West (region): view of East Asian immigrants, 70,77
Whig party: and Mexican War, 32-33, 34, 35; and revolution,105
Wilhelm II (Germankaiser),133
Williams,William Appleman,173; treatment of U.S. policy,8-11,234n21,235n22
Wilson,Woodrow,126,156, 191,243n26; view on revolution, 108-10, 113-14, 115, 123, 129-30; view on national greatness, 128-29, 134; view on race, 130-31; policy of, 132, 133-35; compared with F. Roosevelt,146
Wood,Leonard: in cartoon,87
World War I, 181; and Wilson policy, 133-35; costs of, 136; political repression during, 178 World War II, 177, 178, 189; debate over in tervention in,145-50; policy during,155
XYZ affair,27,99; cartoon on,118
Yeatman,Robert J.: on history,125 "Young America," 106
Yuan Shikai,108