УФИМСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ НЕФТЯНОЙ

ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

Кафедра иностранных языков

А.И. КОЖЕВНИКОВА

Е.А. ПАВЛЮЧЕНКО

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ВСЕХ

СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ

(Теория и практика)

3 Семестр

Уфа 2012

Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов в действительном залоге

(Active Voice).

Вид Время	Simple (Indefinite) Неопределенное	Continuous Длительное	Perfect Совершенное	Perfect Continuous Совершенное длит.
	V(I  или  II)	to be  +  IV (Ving)	to have  +  III (V3 or Ved)	to have been  +  IV (Ving)
Present Настоящее	I, we, you, they  +  I he, she, it +  I-s	I   + am IV he, she, it +  is IV we, you, they + are IV	I, we, you, they + have III he, she, it + has III	I, we, you, they + have been IV he, she, it + has been IV
Пример:	I ask	I am asking	I have asked	I have been asking
Past Прошедшее	I, he, she, it, we, you, they          + II	I, he, she, it + was IV we, you, they + were IV	I, he, she, it, we, you, they            + had III	I, he, she, it, we, you, they + had been IV
Пример:	I asked	I was asking	I had asked	I had been asking
Future Будущее	I, we  + shall I I, we, he, she, it, you, they  + will I	I, we + shall be IV I, we, he, she, it, you, they  + will be IV	I, we  + shall have III  I, we, he, she, it, you, they  + will have III	I, we + shall have been IV I, we, he, she, it, you, they  + will have been IV
Пример:	I shall/ will ask	I shall /will be asking	I shall/ will have asked	I shall/will have been asking
Future in the Past Будущее в прошедшем	I, we  + should I I, we, he, she, you, they  + would I	I, we  + should be IV  I, we, he, she, it, you, they  + would be IV	I, we + should have III I, we, he, she, it, you, they  + would have III	I, we + should have been IV I, we, he, she, it, you, they  + would have been IV
Пример:	I should ask	I should be asking	I should have asked	I should have been asking

 

Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов в страдательном залоге

(Passive Voice) Form of to be + III (V3 or Ved)

Вид Время	Simple (Indefinite) Неопределенное	Continuous Длительное	Perfect Совершенное	Perfect Continuous
Present Настоящее	I   + am III he, she, it +  is III we, you, they + are III	I   + am being III he, she, it +  is being III we, you, they + are being III	I, we, you, they + have been III he, she, it + has been III	-----
Пример:	I am asked	I am being asked	I have been asked
Past Прошедшее	I, he, she, it + was III we, you, they + were III	I, he, she, it + was being III we, you, they + were being III	I, he, she, it, we, you, they         + had been III	-----
Пример:	I was asked	I was being asked	I had been asked
Future Будущее	I, we  + shall be III I, we, he, she, it, you, they  + will be III	-----	I, we  + shall have been III  I, we, he, she, it, you, they  + will have been III	-----
Пример:	I shall be asked		I shall have been asked
Future in the Past Будущее в прошедшем	I, we  + should be III I, we, he, she, you, they  + would be III	-----	I, we + should have been III I, we, he, she, it, you, they  + would have been III	-----
Пример:	I should be asked		I should have been asked

  Revision

1. Read this conversation and fill in the blanks. Use the best word or phrase from the list given below. Sometimes there is more than one possible answer.

Who? What? How? Yes, I have(etc.)

Where? What size? How old? No, he isn’t(etc.)

When? What colour? How big? Aren’t you? (etc.)

Why? What time? How tall? Is she? (etc.)

Because What…. like?

1. .…………..is your new boyfriend…………..?

He’s tall, and he’s very nice; well, I think he is!

2. …………..is he?

He’s 1m 80.

3. Oh, that’s quite tall, …………….?

Yes, ………. .

4. And is he good looking?

Yes, …………. .

5. ………………..did you meet him?

I met him at a dance in the village hall.

6. …………………was that?

It was about six weeks ago.

7. And do you want to marry him?

Yes, ……………, I think.

8. …………………?

……………………he’s nice, and we get on well together.

9. ………….. are his eyes?

They’re brown, and they’re quite big.

10. ………………is he?

He was 25 yesterday.

11. Oh!.................did you buy for his birthday?

I bought him a shirt, but it was the wrong size!

12. ……………….did you buy?

I bought a 16 neck, and he takes 15.

13. ……………….does his father do?

He’s hospital manager.

14. ………………. are you meeting him?

Tomorrow, we’re having tea, but I don’t want to go!

15. ……………..not? You’re not frightened, ……………..?

Yes, ………………, very much!

16. Wait a minute; you’re a nice-looking girl, …………….. ?

Yes, ……………… , I suppose.

17. And you went to a good university, ……………?

Yes, ………………… .

18. And you’ve got a good job, …………….?

Yes, …………….….. .

19. So, ………………. are you frightened?

I don’t know!

2. Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple.

1. Are you hungry? ……… something to eat? (you/want)

2. Jill is interested in politics but she……………………….. to a political party. (not/belong)

3. Don’t put the dictionary away. I ………………………… it. (use)

4. Don’t put the dictionary away. I ………………………… it. (need)

5. Who is that man? What…………………………? (he/want)

6. Who is that man? Why …………………………at us? (he/look)

7. George says he’s 80 year old but nobody ………………………… him. (belive)

8. She told me her name but I ………………………… it now. (not/remember)

9. I ………………………… of selling my car. (think) Would you be interested in buying it?

10. I ………………………… you should sell your car. (think) You ………………………… it very often. (not/use)

11. I used to drink a lot of coffee but these days I ………………………… tea. ( prefer)

12. Air ………………………… mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. (consist)

3. Put the verbs given in brackets into Present, Past or Future Simple. Sometimes you’ll need a negative form.

1. “How you (learn) to drive?” - “My father (teach) me”.

2. He often (receive) letters from his friends?

3. How many texts she usually (translate) at home?

4. You (phone) Ruth? Oh no, I (forget), I (phone) her in a minute.

5. The day after tomorrow our school laboratory (get) modern equipment.

6. He was good at mathematics, but he (fail) in physics.

7. It was warm, so I (take) off my coat.

8. Unfortunately this student (attend) all the lectures.

9. I’m sorry about what (happen) yesterday. It (happen) again.

10. Most people (learn) to swim when they are children.

11. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I (disturb) her.

12. John isn’t lazy. He (work) very hard most of the time.

13. I have some incredible news. You (believe) what (happen).

14. The moon (go) round the sun.

15. How much women usually (spend) on new clothes?

16. How many exams you (pass) at the end of the next term?

17. This train is always late. It never (leave) on time.

18. I (understand) the sentence. What the word (mean)?

19. If you need money for a new car, I (lend) you.

20. How long we (stay) with the grandparents last summer?

21. It (take) me an hour to get to the university. How long it usually (take) you?

22. This little boy (skate) well in future?

23. He’s so lazy. He (do) anything to help me.

24. We (invite) them to the party, but they (decide) not to go.

25. Where Marti (come) from? – He is Scottish.

26. Rice (grow) in Britain.

27. She never (drink) coffee in the morning.

28. A liar is someone who (tell) the truth.

29. An interpreter (translate) from one language into another.

30. How often John (go) to the dentist? He (go) once or twice a year.

ЧЕТЫРЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ ГЛАГОЛА ТО BE

1) to be + имя (сущ., прил.) - смысловой глагол - "быть, находиться, располагаться, являться, состоять в том, чтобы ...., заключаться в том..., представлять собой";

He was a member of this committee. - Он являлся членом этого комитета.

The book is a collection of stories. - Книга представляет собой сборник рассказов.

2) to be +Infinitive (инфинитив с частицей to) - модальньй глагол

"должен" (по плану или договоренности);

The train is to come at 5 о’clock. - Поезд должен прибыть в 5 часов.

3) to be + Participle I (-ing) - вспомогательный глагол для образования Continuous Tensе (не переводится);

They are writing now. - Они пишут сейчас.

4) to be + Participle П (V3/-ed) - вспомогательный глагол для обра-

зования Passive Voice;

The work is done well. - Работу выполняют хорошо.

ТРИ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ ГЛАГОЛА to have

1. To have + сущ. – смысловой глагол “иметь”;

I have a book. – Я имею (у меня есть) книгу.

2) To have + инфинитив с частицей to – модальный глагол «должен, вынужден, приходится»;

I have to do this work. – Я должен (вынужден) делать эту работу.

2. To have + Participle II – вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect Tense (не переводится);

He has come. – Он пришел.

Exercises

1. Переведите предложения, принимая по внимание разные значения и функции глагола "to be". Пользуйтесь словами -"есть", "нет", "пред­ставляет собой", "является", "находится", " состоит в том, чтобы", "это значит", "должен".

1. There are many power stations in our country. 2. They are built in many places. 3. The Krasnoyarsk station is near Krasnoyarsk. 4. It is the largest station in the our country. 5. Our plan is to build many new electric stations. 6. They will be built along big rivers. 7. To build new electric stations is to develop our industry. 8. It is very important for the process of our country. 9. There are no seas in our region. 10. This problem is to be solved by experiment.11. The new seas are to give water to the new canals. 12. New seas are made in order to have big reser­voirs of water for irrigation. 13. Venus is a planet. 14. When Venus is in the east, it shines in the early morning hours. 15. When Venus is in the west, it is seen in the evening.

2. Переведите следующие предложения и определите функцию глагола "to be" в каждом из них.

1. The man was so deeply engaged in his work that he did not look up when he was addressed. 2. The ship was going up the river. 3. The train was approaching the station. 4. We were to start early in the morning, but as it was raining heavily, we decided to stay till evening. 5. What is evaporation? How is it done? 6. What information has been given on the weather-map today? 7. There is much snow on the top of high mountains even in summer. 8. What instruments are to be used during the next experiment? 9. Every worker was at his place. 10. Professor Novikov's experiments are of great importance. 11. I shall not be in Moscow next month. 12. I shall not be able to go to Moscow next month. 13. Chemistry is а science of great inte­rest and importance. 14. Some of the students were to meet the English delegates last week. 15. His greatest wish was to study literature.

3. Переведите предложения, определите значение глагола "to be .

1. New metro lines are being built in Moscow in different parts of the city. 2. The article will be translated at the lesson. 3. They were studying the subject when I joined them. 4. I am given English magazines every week. 5. They were to pre­pare all necessary information by Friday. 6. The document was looked for everywhere. 7. Ted doesn't like when he is asked about his work. 8. On Thursday the foreign students were being shown lecture halls and laboratories of the Moscow University. 9. The report will be followed by a discussion. 10. The tempera­ture in the Underground is maintained at 70°f. 11. A totally new safety system is being installed. 12. You will be able to get a grant if you pass all your exams well. 13. It was on April 26, 1755 that the opening of the Moscow University took place.

4. Определите функцию глагола "to have" в данных предложениях.

1. Pure water has no colour. 2. The wind is very strong; the river has overflown its banks. 3. We have many valuable minerals in the Urals. 4. We have developed chemical industry in the Urals. 5. We have obtained salt by the evaporation under reduced pressure. 6. Aluminium is a metal which usually has a bluish-white surface. 7. Before the lecture we have to hang all the diagrams on the wall. 8. An electrician has to protect him­self with robber clothes when working. 9. She scientists have found that radium radiations have a very powerful effect on all living matter. 10. We shall have a meeting tomorrow. 11. Somebody will have to make a report about our work. 12. You will have to find out where he is now. 13. We have many laboratories at our Institute. 14. Many inventions have brought fame to our science. 15. Our scientists have to solve many vital problems. 16. We shall have to do many experiments.

5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение гла­гола “to have".

1. I have a new room. 2. I did not have to clean it; my mo­ther has cleaned it for me. 3. The boy has high temperature, so doctor has examined the boy, he has to stay In bed. 4. Every woman has much work at home. 5. She has to cook, to wash and to clean. 6. I have not finished doing my assignment. 7. I have to translate the text but I have no dictionary. 8. Every candidate to the Institute will have examinations in August. 9. Have you ever seen my sister? 10. Photography has to reproduce nature. 11. The examination paper had to contain not less than twenty grammar exercises. 12. Students will have to put questions to the text. 13. The Institute has to provide residence for all students who arrived from collective farms. 14. Pay attention to my pronunciation - you will have to reproduce it. 15. My friend has to support a large family.

6. Заполните пропуски глаголами “to have to”, “to be to”.

1. I can’t go with them as I ... to be at the Institute at half past nine. 2. If you want to understand this phenomenon better, you ... to look through some articles devoted to this problem. 3. As this question is not solved the meeting ... to be put off. 4. At ten a.m. he ... to make a report, I think it will be interesting to listen to him. 5. As he made many mistakes in his last work he ... to rewrite it. 6. Professor Black’s assistants ... to help us in our practical work. 7. The plan ... to be carried out by а group of specially—trained men. 8. John... to dтivе at а high speed all the time as he was desperately late.

7. Переведите предложения, укажите модальные глаголы.

1. This engineer had to take part in the work going on. 2. I am to meet my friends at the station. 3. You should press the button to set the machinery in motion. 4. These parts will have to be replaced. 5. Every worker in any branch of science must carry out experiments. 6. One has to study to improve one’s work. 7. A number оf scientific problems were to be solved in connection with the construction of а network of electro transmission lines. 8. Thе subject mentioned ought to be spoken of again. 9. The students should not forget that it is impossible to acquire profound knowledge of any subject without а great deal of work. 10. You ought to write these exercises at once. 11. You ought to have written the article long ago.12. You should read English texts every dау. 13. You should have read this book long ago.14. The students should know that studying a foreign language regularly will give splendid results and they will be able to master it in a short time. 15. He must have looked through all these materials. 16. He was to bring the necessary material I asked for, but he must have been kept by his professor. 17. She must have done this work carefully.

Неличные формы глагола

(Non-finite forms of the verb)

В английской грамматике глагол имеет 4 неличные формы:

причастие I, причастие II, герундий и инфинитив.

Неличными эти формы называются потому, что в предложении они выполняют либо синтаксические функции (один из членов предложения), либо являются частью сказуемого (в этом случае перед ними стоит вспомогательный глагол или глагол-связка).

The Participle (Причастие)

Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая имеет свойства глагола и прилагательного.

В английском языке есть два причастия: Причастие I – Participle I и Причастие II – Participle II.

Participle I

1. Причастие I характеризует лицо или предмет через действие, которое это лицо или предмет совершают. Причастие I соответствует действительному причастию в русском языке (читающий).

2. Причастие I образуется путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания –ing (go – идти, going – идущий; read – читать, reading – читающий).

3. В предложении Причастие I выполняет 2 синтаксические функции (является одним из членов предложения):

а) определения, на русский язык переводится действительным причастием: a reading boy – читающий мальчик.

Причастие I имеет зависимые слова и образует причастный оборот, который выполняет в предложении те же функции, что и единичное причастие. Причастный оборот в функции определения стоит после определяемого слова.

People reading many books know much. – Люди, читающие много книг, знают много.

б) обстоятельства, на русский язык переводится деепричастием: Reading, we learn many new things. – Читая, мы узнаем много нового.

Перед причастием I в функции обстоятельства часто стоят союзы when, while. В этом случае на русский язык оно переводится либо деепричастием или деепричастным оборотом, при этом не переводится союз, либо придаточным предложением, которое начинается с союза «когда», «в то время как». В качестве подлежащего этого придаточного предложения употребляется существительное, стоящее за этим оборотом, или заменяющее его личное местоимение.

Reading interesting books and different magazines, we learn many new things. – Читая интересные книги и различные журналы, мы узнаём много нового.

(When) while learning words student must read them many times. -

а) Заучивая слова, студент должен прочитывать их много раз.

б) Когда (в то время как) студент учит слова, он должен прочитывать их много раз.

4. В предложении Причастие I также выполняет грамматическую функцию части сказуемого в Continuous tense (личная форма глагола to be + Participle I): I am speaking on the phone.

Participle II (Причастие II)

1. Причастие II характеризует лицо или предмет через действие, которое над ним совершается. Причастие II соответствует страдательному причастию в русском языке (читаемый, взятый, выполненный).

2. Причастие II образуется от третьей формы неправильных глаголов или путем прибавления окончания –ed к основе правильного глагола:

Change – изменять, changed – изменяемый, измененный

Write – писать, written - написанный

3. Причастие II в предложении выполняет 2 синтаксические функции: 1- определения, 2 – обстоятельства, может иметь зависимые слова и образует причастный оборот.

1. Определение - переводится страдательным причастием:

The translated text is very difficult.

Переведенный текст (переводимый текст) очень трудный.

The text translated by this student is very difficult.

Текст, переведенный этим студентом, очень трудный.

2. Обстоятельство - переводится придаточным предложением.

When asked this question the student could not answer it.

Когда студенту задали этот вопрос, он не смог ответить на него.

If heated water changes into a gas.

Если воду нагреть, она превращается в газ.

Примечание: Причастие II в функции определения может стоять не только перед, но и после определяемого слова. В последнем случае его не нужно путать с глаголом-сказуемым в Past Indefinite.

The first amount of titanium produced indicated that metal has good properties. – Первое количество полученного титана показало, что металл имеет хорошие свойства.

Перевод Причастия II с предлогом в функции определения возможен только при помощи придаточного определительного предложения, начинающегося с предлога.

The article referred to gives all the information.

Статья, на которую ссылаются, дает всю информацию.

These are the facts spoken about at the lecture.

Вот те факты, о которых говорилось на лекции.

4. Причастие II выполняет 2 важные грамматические функции:

1- часть сказуемого в Passive Voice (личная форма глагола to be + Participle II): I am often sent on business. – Меня часто отправляют в командировки.

2 - часть сказуемого в Perfect Tenses (личная форма глагола to have + Participle II): I have just returned home. – Я только что вернулся домой.

Exercises

1. Определите функцию Participle I в предложениях. Переведите их.

1. They usually filter water using sand filters. 2. Transla­ting difficult articles from Russian into English students usually use the new polytechnic dictionary. 3. The name of the device measuring the speed of a car la a speedometer, 4. The professor instructing the students is our Dean. 5. The boxes containing these minerals are under the demonstration desk. 6. Working with the substance the experimentor always adds some water to it. 7. The seminar beginning today ends in three days. 8. Going to the institute the students living in the hostel take a bus. 9. Reading such books you will improve your knowledge of this subject. 10. The man working at this institute lectures on poli­tical economy.

2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции совпадающих по форме слов.

1. The war ruined many cities. There are no ruined houses in our cities. 2. Planned work gives good results. The professor planned all his lectures. 3. The Institute admitted 150 students. Peter was one of the admitted students. 4. The candidate submitted his documents. All the submitted documents are in the office, 5. The schoolchildren made a fine model of a rocket. It was the first model made by children. 6. The latest form of the instru­ment used consisted of a tube. We used new instruments for this experiment. 7. We shall use instruments of improved design. This worker improved his work. 8. The results obtained are very good. They obtained good results using the improved methods of work. 9. The substance heated changed its properties. We heated this substance for the experiment. We got the changed substance after the experiment. 10. The plans proposed did not meet the requirements. The engineer proposed a new plan of work.

3. Определите, чем являются глагольные формы с окончанием -ed no их функции в предложении - Past Simple или Participle II. Переведите предложения.

1. The method invented by our workers helped us to solve this difficult problem. 2. The materials collected included im­portant data. 3. Last month the paper described the theory deve­loped by the group of scientist and engineers headed by Profes­sor Smirnov. 4. During the reaction we saw that the substance formed differed very much from the one used at the beginning of the reaction. 5. During the crystallization the temperature de­veloped depended upon the properties of the substances crystal­lized. 6. The case lettered with A is for glass and the one marked with В is for chemicals. 7. The results achieved by the scientist are very good. 8. The language circle organized by our English club meets every Wednesday. 9. He noticed a letter received from our English penfriends. 10. We discussed a book borrowed from our teacher.

4. Переведите на английский язык:

работа, законченная вчера; методы, используемые на наших за­водах; изобретение, сделанное Яблочковым; канал, открытый летом; лекция, прочитанная профессором X.; поверхность, покрытая водой; закрытые двери; кипяченая вода; затвердевший слой; страны, рас­положенные на востоке; профессор, читавший лекцию.

5. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обратите внимание на место в предложении и перевод причастия II в роли определения.

1. The newly built houses are very fine. 2. The house built in this street is eighty storey high. 3. The question discussed at the last meeting is of greet importance for our factory. 4. The book found by the students belongs to our teacher. 5. There are no mistakes in the composition written by this young girl. 6. You have to repair the broken parts of that engine. 7. The part broken by you should be repaired at once. 8. The method of work improved by this young worker will increase the output of our plant. 9. The method used depended upon the material select­ed. 10. The techniques applied must be discussed once more.

6. Переведите на русский язык. Помните, что причастие II в функции обстоятельства переводится придаточным предложением.

1. When asked, the student answered this question. 2. When produced, these parts will be sent to different factories. 3. Ice melts when heated. 4. When offered to go abroad, Pavlov refused to leave his motherland. 5. When translated, the in­structions became perfectly understood. 6. It frozen, water be­comes ice. 7. When subjected to high temperature, aluminum loses its strength rapidly. 8. When cooled, the solution will be ready. 9. When mounted, the new device will help to mecha­nize a number of operations. 10. When combined, these methods appeared highly effective. 11. Developed in the works of this scientist, the theory became very popular.

7. Заполните пропуски определением, выраженным первым или вторым причастием, переведите:

1) а ... letter (receiving, received); 2) a ... text (translating, translated); 3) a ... document (signing, signed); 4) a professor ... (examining, examined) students; 5) a ... applica­tion (submitting, submitted); 6) The quality of the goods ... at the mill depends upon the skill of the workers ... (producing, produced); 7) A number of ... wagons with . . goods stood along the platform (transporting, transported); 8) Our rivers ... by canals form a system of water ways ... many seas of our country (connecting, connected); 9) The bottle with two liquids ... stood on the table (mixing, mixed).

8. Заполните пропуски причастиями I или II (от глаголов, данных в скобках) в зависимости от смысла и переведите предложения.

1. The instruments ... on the table belong to Dr. Brown (to leave). 2. A barometer is an instrument ... atmospheric pressure (to measure). 3. There are different kinds of plants ... in the Polar regions (to grow). 4. The work ... by the scientists on the ... ice is of great importance (to do, to drift). 5. She new canals ... the rivers form good water-ways (to join). 6, The results ... varied with the material (to obtain, to use). 7. The book ... on the table belongs to my father (to lie). 8. They noticed a cloud of smoke ... into the air (to rise ) 9. The experiment ... by this scientist was a success (to make). 10. The problem ... by this student was very difficult (to solve).

9. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод Participle I и Participle II. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Do we drink boiling water or boiled water? 2. Does a factory owner belong to the exploiting or exploited class? 3. Does a student belong to training or trained people? 4. Who feels more nervous at the examination: examining or examined people? 5. What is more dangerous: to cross a freezing or a frozen river?

6. Which are more beautiful: flowers growing in the field or grown in a garden? 7. Does a housewife keep in the sun drying or dried clothes? 8. Does an archeologist study existing cultures, or cultures existed thousands of years ago? 9. What does the chemist usually examine: the liquid filling the bottle, or the bottle filled with it?

10. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя причастия там, где это возможно.

1. Будьте внимательны, когда ведете машину. 2. На листе бумаги было несколько строк, написанных карандашом. 3. Получив телеграмму, моя сестра немедленно выехала в Глазго. 4. Я не знаю человека, говорящего по телефону. 5. Уехав вечером, мы прибыли в город в 6 утра. 6. Полученное известие взволновало всех. 7. Я оставила ей записку, не застав ее дома.

8. Чувствуя усталость, они решили передохнуть. 9. Я не запомнил имя человека, звонившего вам вчера. 10. Мы сидели на террасе, наслаждаясь чудесным видом гор, окружающих наш отель.

The Gerund (Герундий).

1. Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, которая имеет свойство глагола и существительного.

2. Герундий образуется путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания –ing.

Read – читать reading – чтение

Play – играть playing – игра

3. В предложении герундий выполняет те же функции, что и существительное, т. е. может быть подлежащим, дополнением, определением, обстоятельством, именной частью сказуемого.

Перед герундием может стоять предлог (что позволяет сразу отличить его от причастия I), притяжательное местоимение или существительное в притяжательном падеже, которые в сочетании с герундием выражают не принадлежность, а лицо, которое выполняет действие, выраженное герундием.

His reading – его чтение worker’s fighting – борьба рабочих

The problem of landing - проблема приземления

На русский язык герундий чаще всего переводится существительным или неопределенной формой глагола, но может также переводиться деепричастием (в функции обстоятельства) или придаточным предложением (в функции предложного дополнения, обстоятельства).

1. Reading is a useful occupation. (подлежащее) – Чтение – полезное занятие.

2. My favourite occupation is reading. (именная часть сказуемого) – Мое любимое занятие – чтение.

3. I like reading. (прямое дополнение) – Я люблю читать (чтение).

4. We learn many now things from reading. (предложное дополнение) – Мы узнаем много нового из чтения.

5. After reading this book we learned many new things. (обстоятельство) – После прочтения этой книги (прочитав эту книгу) мы узнали много нового.

6. There is much reading material in this book. (определение) – В этой книге много материала для чтения.

Примечание: Разница между герундием и Причастием I в роли определения заключается в том, что Причастие I характеризует лицо или предмет через действие, которое это лицо или предмет сами совершают, а герундий указывает либо на назначение предмета, либо передаёт другие отношения.

Причастие I Герундий

a sleeping man – спящий человек a sleeping car – спальный вагон

boiling water – кипящая вода boiling point – точка кипения

Exercises

1. Замените данные группы слов сочетанием герундия с предлогом

и переведите их на русский язык.

Образец: a smoking room - a room for smoking

A training machine, a freezing point, a sleeping car, the hot water heating system, building materials, heating houses, living conditions, a moving force, a forming process, playing grounds, a boiling point, a waiting room, a reading hall.

2. Переведите следующие группы слов и скажите, содержат ли они причастие или герундий.

The living conditions, a shining star, a reading lamp, the

melting ice, a melting point, living organisms, the blowing wind, observing facts, cutting tools, making the experiment, selling timber, waiting people, playing children, boiling milk, a moving body.

3. Найдите герундий. Скажите, по каким признакам вы его нашли. Переведите предложения.

1. Mastering a foreign language thoroughly (основательно) is not easy. 2. I like reading such kinds of books. 3. He began reading this article two hours ago. 4. Reading such articles is quite necessary. 5. Reading aloud is recommended. 6. There are many ways of solving this problem. 7. They started charging batteries. 8. By burning coal we may heat water in a boiler. 9.Measuring resistance is necessary in many experiments. 10. Nowadays scientists are working out methods for utilizing atomic energy for general use in peaceful purposes.

4. Определите, каким членом предложения является герундий. Пере­ведите предложения.

1. Learning rules without examples is useless. 2. After fi­nishing the laboratory work clean your working places. 3. We can­not make any experiments without putting the apparatuses in order first. 4. The radio-set is an apparatus for receiving sound pro­grammes. 5. We can produce heat by burning oil, gas or any other fuel. 6. Adding heat to a substance does not always cause a rise in its temperature. 7. You can separate salts from the liquid by cooling the solution. 8. After filtering the liquid, heat it. 9. The boiling temperature of water is 100°C. 10. Gases and li­quids return to their original form as soon as the applied force has stopped acting.

5. Укажите, по каким признакам можно отличить причастие I от герундия в данных предложениях.

1. Water changes into ice by freezing. One can't swim in a freezing river. 2. Experimenting is a scientific method. Every experimenting scientist works in a laboratory. 3. Look at the swimming children. Swimming is a good physical exercise. 4. Melt­ing begins with warm weather. The melting snow flows down from the roofs through a pipe. 5. The doctor recommended sleeping in the open air. The woman carried the sleeping child in her arms. 6. One of the chemical processes is burning. Every burning thing produces smoke. 7. Boiling takes place at different temperatures. Boiling milk may run over. 8. Growing is a natural process of a living organism. Growing children need good food and physical exercise. 9. All young people finishing their studies at school must think of their future profession. 10. Choosing a profession is not easy.

6. Переведите предложения, учитывая, что выделенные глагольные формы выполняет разные функции. Укажите, какое место занимает каждая из этих форм в предложении, и чем она является.

1. People sending a telegram should write in a clear hand filling a telegraph form. 2. Pouring boiling water into a glass, do not forget putting a spoon inside. 3. Slowing down speed the car passed a group of children playing in the street. 4. Speaking of nations fighting for freedom, the lecturer illustrated his words by reading extracts from foreign newspapers. 5. The expe­dition exploring Siberia found rare minerals lying deep under the ground.

Инфинитив (The Infinitive)

1. Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола. Инфинитив имеет свойства глагола и существительного. (to write - писать)

Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to.

I wanted to answer at once. – Я хотел ответить сразу.

В предложении инфинитив (или инфинитивный оборот, т.е. инфинитив с зависимым словом) может быть подлежащим;

To master a foreign language is not easy. – Овладеть иностранным языком - нелегко.

дополнением: He likes to read. – Он любит читать.

We remember to have been informed about the conference. – Мы помним, что нам сообщили о конференции.

определением (часто выражает долженствование, возможность или будущее время):

He spoke about the student to complete the work. – Он говорил о студенте, который закончит (должен закончить) работу.

именной частью составного именного сказуемого:

Our aim is to master English. – Наша цель – овладеть английским языком.

обстоятельством:

I have come here to help you. – Я пришел сюда (чтобы) помочь вам. (So as, in order to) To master the language one should work hard. – Чтобы овладеть языком, нужно работать упорно.

Here is a pen for you to write down the address. – Вот ручка, чтобы вы записали адрес.

Exercises

1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив.

1. They were glad to take part in our expedition. 2. She wanted to be answered at once. 3. He was happy to have been working for many years with the famous scientist. 4. Water may be used to drive dynamos which generate electricity. 5. Sputniks need no additional energy to move along their orbit. 6. Newton made use of the three laws of motion to explain the movement of the moon around the earth and of the planets around the sun. 7. This method was introduced at the factory to achieve better results. 8. To extend the main street they had to destroy some old buildings. 9. The workers will use powerful machinery to assemble these huge units. 10. The child wanted to be taken seriously. 11. Many people came there to discuss a problem of the land transport improvement. 12. This method is not good enough to be used everywhere. 13. People made many efforts to find a new source of energy 14. A new comfortable coach was developed to transport people over long distances. 15. He was saving money to travel about the country. 16. It did not take much time to pave the road again. 17. To settle the problem of the engine weight they improved some of its parts.

2. Переведите следующие предложения, дайте разные варианты перевода в тех случаях, где это возможно.

a) 1. The tables were difficult to read. 2. Radium is very expensive to be used in everyday life. 4. The ice was too thin to be crossed. 3. The velocity of light is too great to be measured in simple units. 4. The planets are too distant to be studied without telescope. 5. The problem is too complicated to solve in such a short period of time.

b) 1. A house is a building to live in. 2. A rest home is a place to rest at. 3. A library is a place to borrow books from. 4. A bookshelf is a shelf to keep books on. 5. A paperknife is a knife to cut paper with. 6. A sleeping car is a car to sleep in.

c) 1. Mendeleyev was the first to discover the Periodic Law. 2. Popov was the first to invent radio. 3. Lomonosov was the first to state that heat came from motion. 4. The dog was the first to feel danger. 5. Dalton's atomic theory was the first to make successful use of the old Greek theory of atoms in chemistry.

d) 1. The sun will cool in ages to come. 2. You should have a good rest in the days to follow the examinations. 3. He is the man to rely upon.

3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив: а) роли подлежащего; b) в роли обстоятельства.

a) 1. To drive a car in a big city is very difficult. 2. To study geometry means to train logical thinking. 3. To work must be as natural as to eat and drink. 4. To skate on ice is very useful. 5. To practice helps to master theory.

b) 1. In order to know a foreign language well one must read and speak. 2. To solve (in order to solve) this problem you have to make a great many experiments. 3. To drive a oar in a big city one must be an experienced driver. 4. It takes the rays of the sun 8 minutes to get to the earth. 5. To get to the earth the rays of sun have to travel during 8 minutes

4. Соедините два предложения в одно. Переведите, обращая внимание на инфинитив, не забывайте вставить «чтобы (для того чтобы)» перед инфинитивом в русском предложении.

Образец: She tried to do everything today. She wanted to be free tomorrow. - 1.She tried to do everything today to be free tomorrow. 2. She tried to do everything today not to be busy tomorrow.

1. They packed the things in the evening. They wanted to leave early in the morning. 2. He rang up his friend. He wanted to invite him for a week-end. He took his fishing things with him. He wanted to go fishing in the country. 4. I wrote down his telephone number. I wanted to ring him up is the evening. 5. He was waiting for her for some minutes. He wanted to talk to her. 6. He got the car read the day before yesterday. He didn't want to worry about it on the day of the departure. 7. She left the house early. She didn't want to be late for the film. 8. She put the clock on the bedside table. She did not want to be late for the train.9. He switched off the radio-set. He didn't want to wake his son up.

5. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитив в функции определения.

1. The article to be translated is rather difficult. 2. The problem to be studied in the shortest time possible is very impor­tant. 3. "You are the second to answer at the examination," said the teacher. 4. That man was the last to take part in the discus­sion. 5. The new method to be used depends upon; he natural conditions of the district. 6. The factors to be considered are of great importance. 7. The conference to be held in a few months will consider various ways of establishing contacts among scien­tists of different countries. 8. This young scientist's report will be discussed at the meeting to be held on the 23rd of Janua­ry. 9. The articles to be found in that magazine will help you to solve the problem you are working at. 10. We have tested the machine to be put into service the day after tomorrow.

Сложные формы причастия I

Зависимый причастный оборот

Причастие I (Participle I) имеет сложные (аналитические) формы.

	Participle I
	Active	Passive
Indefinite	changing 1) определение: изменяющий(ся) (вший) (ся) 2) обстоятельство: изменяя(сь)	being changed 1) определение: изменяющийся, изменяемый, который изменяется 2) обстоятельство: будучи измененным
Perfect	having changed обстоятельство: изменив(шись)	having been changed обстоятельство: когда (его) изменили, после того как (его) изменили

Participle I Indefinite обозначает действие, происходящее одновременно с действием, выраженным сказуемым.

Being built of wood the bridge Так как мост был построен (будучи

could not carry heavy loads. построенным) из дерева, он не мог

выдержать тяжелых нагрузок.

Participle I Perfect обозначает действие, которое произошло ранее действия, выраженного сказуемым предложения.

Having finished the experiment Закончив эксперимент, студенты ушли

the students left the laboratory. из лаборатории.

Having been translated into many После того как книги Пушкина были пе-

languages Pushkin’s books became реведены на многие языки, они стали

known all over the world. известны во всем мире.

Exercises