- •Unit 1 petroleum and natural gas
- •II. Find the proper Russian equivalents for the following English terms.
- •Petroleum
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Retell the text using the questions in IV.
- •VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the Degrees of Comparison.
- •VIII. Find one sentence in Present Perfect Tense in the text. Natural gas
- •Translate the following expressions into Russian without a dictionary.
- •II. Read and translate the text. Natural gas
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •Retell the text using the questions of the previous exercise.
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the Modal verbs.
- •Put the following sentences into the Past Simple and then into the Future Simple.
- •Unit 2 oil and gas fields development
- •Before reading the text learn the following words.
- •II. Find the proper Russian equivalents for the following English terms.
- •III. Translate the following expressions into Russian without a dictionary.
- •Read and translate the text. Oil and gas fields development
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Retell the text “Oil and gas fields development” using the questions in V.
- •XI. Find in the text “Oil and gas fields development” the sentences containing the Participle.
- •XII. A) Read and render the contents of the text below in Russian. Give it a title.
- •Unit 3 historical development of oil pipe line
- •Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words.
- •V. Read and translate the following text. Historical development of oil pipe line
- •IV. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the passive constructions. Remember the underlined verbs.
- •Unit 4 pumping stations
- •Before reading the text learn the following words.
- •Find the proper English equivalents in the text.
- •Read and translate the text. Pumping stations
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VI. Translate the following text into English.
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the Participle.
- •IX. Translate the following word combinations into English.
- •X. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the translation of the Participle.
- •XI. Translate into English.
- •XII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of when, while and other conjunctions together with the Participle.
- •XIII. Translate the sentences and define the function of the Participle.
- •XIV. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the Absolute Participial Construction.
- •Unit 5 manufacture of pipelines
- •Find out the pronunciation of the following words.
- •III. Translate the following words.
- •IV Read and translate the following text. Manufacture of pipe lines
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VI. Find in the text the English equivalent to the following Russian words and expressions.
- •VII. Deny the wrong statements. Use the following expressions.
- •VIII. Translate into English.
- •IX. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the meaning of the verb “would”.
- •X. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the meaning of the verb “should”.
- •XI. Translate the following conditional sentences.
- •XII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to conditional sentences.
- •XIII. Translate the following extract into Russian with the help of a dictionary.
- •Unit 6 methods of transporting petroleum and their relative economic importance
- •Read and translate the text. Methods of transporting petroleum and their relative economic importance
- •VII. Translate the phrases into English using the Infinitive as an attribute.
- •I'm afraid that’s wrong.
- •It seems to me, it’s not true.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •Moving oil and natural gas
- •XII. Give a summary of the text. Unit 7 types of pipe lines and storage tanks
- •Types of pipe lines and storage tanks
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the form and the voice of the Gerund.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •X. Translate paragraphs 3-6 in a written form. Pipeline components
- •Unit 8 construction of pipelines
- •Before reading the text learn the following words.
- •III. Find the proper Russian equivalents to the following words and word-combinations.
- •Read and translate the text. Construction of pipelines
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Translate into English.
- •VIII. Retell the text “Construction of pipelines” according to the following plan:
- •IX. Translate according to the model.
- •X. Translate into English using the Infinitives according to the model. Give your own ending to the sentences.
- •XI. Translate the following sentences with the Passive Constructions.
- •XII. Read and translate the following extract with the help of a dictionary.
- •Unit 9 materials
- •Study the following words before reading the text.
- •Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words.
- •V. Read and translate the following text. Materials
- •VI. Answer the following questions. Use the questions as a plan for your retelling of the text.
- •VII. Translate the following sentences. State the functions of the Infinitive.
- •IX. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the Infinitive as an Adverbial Modifier of Purpose.
- •X. Translate into Russian using the proper function of the Infinitive.
- •XI. Translate the sentences, paying special attention to the use of the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
- •XII. Translate into Russian using the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
- •Unit 10 trunk and multi-product pipelines
- •I. Before reading the text learn the following words.
- •VII. Translate the following phrases into Russian.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text. Trunk and multi-product pipelines
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Say a few words about a) trunk pipelines; b) multi-product pipelines. Make up a short plan of your speech.
- •X. Translate into English.
- •XI. Translate into Russian. Define the form of the Infinitive and its function.
- •XII. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the use of the Participle and the Gerund.
- •XIII. Translate the following extract using a dictionary.
- •XIV. Find out if the following statements are true or false.
- •Unit 11 pipeline operation and safety measures
- •Find the proper Russian equivalents for the English terms.
- •Find the proper English equivalents for the following verbs.
- •Read and translate the following text. Pipeline operation and safety measures
- •VI. Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Describe the pipeline operation according to the following plan.
- •VIII. Translate into Russian. Find out if the underlined words are the Gerund or the Participle.
- •IX. Define the function of the Infinitive used in the following sentences. Translate them.
- •X. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the Participle II.
- •XI. Read and translate the following extracts with the help of a dictionary.
- •Unit 12 types of coatings
- •I. Before reading the text study the following words.
- •II. Write out the proper transcription to the following words from the dictionary.
- •Find the proper Russian equivalents for the following English terms.
- •V. Find the suitable nouns to the verbs from List a. Make up your own sentences with the given phrases.
- •VI. Read and translate the following text. Types of coatings
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Retell the text “Types of Coatings” using the questions from the previous exercise.
- •X. Find English equivalents for the following words and phrases.
- •XII. Translate the following text in the written form. Pipe coatings
- •XIII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Gerund.
- •Unit 13
- •Integrated systems for pipeline security
- •I. Before reading the text study the following words.
- •II. Find out the proper transcription of the following words in the dictionary.
- •III. Find the proper Russian equivalents for the following English terms.
- •IV. Translate the following phrases into Russian without a dictionary.
- •Read and translate the following text.
- •Integrated systems for pipeline security
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Find English equivalents for the following words and phrases.
- •X. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XI. Retell the text “Integrated Systems for Pipeline Security” using the questions in VIII.
- •XII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Passive Voice.
- •XIV. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Sequence of Tenses.
- •XV. Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the phrases given in brackets. Pay attention to the Sequence of Tenses.
- •Unit 14
- •I. Before reading the text study the following words.
- •II. Write the proper transcription to the following words.
- •III. Find the proper Russian equivalents for the following English terms.
- •IV. Translate the following phrases into Russian without dictionary.
- •V. Remember the synonyms.
- •VI. Translate the following phrases into Russian.
- •VII. Find the proper translation of the English words and word-combinations.
- •VIII. Read and translate the following text.
- •IX. Answer the following questions.
- •Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and phrases.
- •XI. Retell the text “In-tube Magnetic Examination of Lined Tubing” using the questions in IX.
- •XII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
- •XIII. Translate the sentences into English paying attention to the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
- •Contents
VIII. Read and translate the following text.
IN-TUBE MAGNETIC EXAMINATION OF LINED TUBUING
1. The present article substantiates 100 percent practicability of inspecting lined tubing with protective bushing by magnetic examination, utilizing in-tube magnetic detectors.
Internal and external factory corrosion-resistant coating and protective bushing of the welded joints are designed to ensure 100 percent protection of steel tubing against internal and external corrosion of piping. Service life of internally insulated tubing is increased averagely by 8–10 times versus non-protected pipelines. Currently developed techniques for protecting welded joints with bushing ensure high quality afield weld interconnections, including West Siberia environment. The mentioned factors determine exploitability of lined tubing with protected welded joints.
However, in the course of operation it will be necessary to periodically inspect condition of piping and in due time take measures to eliminate possible defects and damages occurred in operation, or resulted from external impacts. In this event, the most effective technique for checking condition is 100 percent in-tube inspection by running intellectual diagnostic shells inside the pipeline. At present the following two examination methods are used: ultrasonic and magnetic and, correspondingly, ultrasonic and magnetic detectors.
For lined tubing with protected welded joints, the ultrasonic method is a problem, because there is additional diffusion and absorption of the ultrasonic signal over the lining, thus reducing accuracy of measurements and complicating processing of the measurement results. Around the welded joint area, if the protective bushing exists, it is impossible to inspect condition of the tube lining, which is shielded by a protective bushing.
Among possible methods to inspect lined tubing and protective bushing, the most advanced is the magnetic inspection method. Magnetic fields are not diffused over the lining and ensure metal magnetization around the bushing, facilitating to detect leakages of magnetic flow under detect conditions.
Bench tests were performed at test facilities of Rosen Europe, RTRC (ROSEN Technology and Research Center), Lingen, Germany. The bushing was welded to the pipe of the same diameter. The bench tests were performed by running magnetic in-tube shell inside the pipeline with a test coil.
The in-tube magnetic inspection program consists of two stages.
Stage One: it was analyzed the practicability of running magnetic examination shell in the lined, bushing-protected pipe without jamming, damage of lining and deformation and / or displacement of the bushing.
Stage Two: it was analyzed the practicability of detecting defects of the pipe wall, if interior and exterior coatings are available, as well as around the bushing.
2. The first stage examinations include two runs of high-resolution magnetic inspection shell, without use of tube wall thickness digital gauges. The runs of the shell were performed without clean-up of the tube internal surface and in “dry” mode. Such conditions ensured the worst-case shell running conditions and maximum shear load on the bushing. The shell was running in the pipe at constant speed and with the use of electric hoist. Actual in-tube conditions during the shell run are better, because the tube wall is not “dry”, it sufficiently reduces impacts on the lining.
During the primary tests practicability of in-tube magnetic examination was proved:
magnetic shell runs without jamming;
no defects or displacements of the bushing;
interior coating remains serviceable;
axial load during the run of the magnetic shell is less than the threshold, with 2.7 assurance factor.
Results of the first examination stage are essential. If any of the mentioned requirements were not met, it would mean impossibility to examine lined tubes by the in-tube inspection method.
The second stage examination procedures include four runs of the high-resolution magnetic shell, with the use of electronic tools to inspect the tube wall thickness.
To test practicability of detecting defects of lined tubing, various defects of different depth, wide and length were surfaced to simulate on-tube defects that cause stress concentrations (pitting, extended corrosion areas, cavities, cracks and mechanical damages). Accuracy of detection and measurement of defects parameters may be influenced both by interior covering and uneven exterior surface of the tube. Any tube heterogeneity, including lining, may cause “noises”, i.e. localities of diffused magnetic field. The defect detection specification is aimed at creating the efficient magnification level to be sufficiently higher after diffusion over defects, and the “noise” to be unobserved.
It was determined the specific location density of instruments capable of detecting high-resolution cross-sectional and lateral defects. For lined tubes the determined density of sensors location is not more than 2.9 mm. There was performed the check examination of a tube’s defects around the longitudinal weld.
It was also examined practicability of inspecting condition of the tube and bushing walls. During this trial the artificial defects were not surfaced, since it could require removing the welded joint. The task was to achieve a distinct picture of the tube and bushing walls.