Sources of common law
historical and political background
to revise the legal system
political and social upheaval
Common law systems, case law systems
inflexibility of the common law
the model of the canon law
political continuity
to adopt laws, to apply —, to interpret to administer to introduce ~
court rulings
government legislation, to pass new legislation
precedents
specific performance
the doctrine of precedent
civil disputes
to be bound to do smth.
historical records of cases
equity
equitable rights
to seek specific performance
to seek legal redress
judicial review
Civil and public law
private laws, civil laws, public laws
disputes among citizens within a country
binding agreements
tort
trust
probate
legal remedies
beyond reasonable doubt
on the balance of probabilities
prosecution
to bring criminal ~ against another citizen to pay the legal costs of the ~
a plaintiff
a defendant
an action
to bring to take to start a civil to start a criminal ~ against smb.
a crime, to commit a crime / a wrong, a victim of ~
to be found guilty of ~ ~ of care less driving
liability
to be liable to s mb. for s mth.
damage (s), to pay damages, to be awarded ~
to pursue a claim for compensation
a fine, to pay ~, to impose — on smb.
to be fined,
19. proof, standards of –
to prove a case
penalty, to risk financial penalties, to result in criminal penalty .
to execute smb.
to be sent to prison .
guilt, to prove the guilt of smb.
guilty, to find smb. guilty of a crime .
innocence, - of a criminal
innocence .
trial / to try smb.
to deal with civil, criminal matters
evidence, to weigh the evidence, to summarize to collect sufficient ~
compliance, in - with smth to comply with an order
Judicial ins titutions
law, to create the law / to pass ~/ to modify ~/ to abolish ~
courts, a hierarchy of a variety of-, Crown Courts, Courts of Appeal
Magistrates Courts
to be unfairly treated in a lower court
to be binding upon lower courts
legal, to specialize in legal actions
the right of appeal / the appellant
to deal with civil / criminal matters
an offence.
an offender
accusation, to make a formal ~
an accused peison to accuse smb. of an offence
to be concerned with civil / criminal cases
charges, charges against smb. / to drop ~ against smb.
to charge a suspect with a crime / to be charged with a crime
a suspect, to release ~ on bail, to release ~ on parole
a suspected person
to suspect smb. of a committing a crime
to grant conditional / unconditional bail
to remain in custody / to put smb. into custody
to hear petty cases, serious crimes
appeals, the right of- ,to hear -
the appellant
to appeal to a court
to appeal against the punishment to a higher court for reassessment
to consider appeals from lower courts
the jury, jurors, to be on juiy service
to be selected at random
to decide the questions of fact / law
trial, to be on -/ to stand -/to bring smb. to –
to try smb.
hereditary peers