Useful to know

DOUBLES

Used in speech to give greater emphasis.

1. By repetition of actual word:

Again and again, by and by, over and over, round and round, so and so, such and such.

2. By repetition of meaning:

beck and call, ways and means, far and away, puff and blow, stuff and nonsense, fast and furious, odds and ends, out and away, old and gray.

3. By alliteration (words beginning with the same letter):

kith and kin, might and main, part and parcel, safe and sound, time and tide, rack and ruin, rough and ready, one and only.

4. By opposites:

thick and thin, on and off, great and small, in and out, high and low, come and go, give and take, one and all, ups and downs, here and there.

5. By words of similar sound:

high and dry, fair and square, out and about, wear and tear.

6. By related words:

heart and soul, tooth and nail, body and soul, hammer and tongs, head and shoulders, hand and foot.

7. Other examples:

hard and fast, free and easy, rough and tumble, over and above, touch and go, time and again.

Exercise 43. Compose your own sentences with the doubles and ask your friend to translate them into Ukrainian.

Appendix 1 Word-building Suffixes

Noun	Suffixes	Examples
	-ance	Performance
	-ence	Independence
	-er,-or	Operator
	-(a)tion	Execution
	-ist,-yst	Typist, analyst
	-ness	Cleanliness
	-ion	Conversion
	-ing	Multiplexing
	-ment	Measurement
	-ity	Electricity
	-ian	Electrician
	-ism	Magnetism
	-dom	Freedom
	-ship	Friendship
	-ary	Binary
Verb	-ize	Computerize
	-ate	Calculate
	-fy	Simplify
	-en	Widen
Adverb	-ly	Logically, electronically
Adjective	-al	Logical
	-ar	Circular
	-ic	Magnetic
	-ical	Electrical
	-able	Comparable
	-ible	Divisible
	-ous	Dangerous
	-ious	Religious
	-ful	Helpful
	-less	Careless
	-ish	Yellowish
	-ed	Computed
	-ive	Interactive
	-ing	Processing

Prefixes

Prefixes	Examples
All-	All-union
Anti-	Antithesis
De-	Deform
Dis-	Disorder
Ex-	Ex-president
Im-	Impossible
In-	Incapable
Re-	Rearrange
Self-	Self-defense
Un-, etc	Unable, irresponsible, etc