6. Translate these passages in writing:

a) The Internet is a malleable system ─ it changes in little ways as elements join and leave networks around the world. Some of those elements may stay fairly static and make up the backbone of the Internet. Others are more peripheral.

b) Protocols are sets of rules that machines follow to complete tasks. Without a common set of protocols that all machines connected to the Internet must follow, communication between devices couldn't happen. The various machines would be unable to understand one another or even send information in a meaningful way. The protocols provide both the method and a common language for machines to use to transmit data.

7. Answer the following questions using the information from the first part of text 1.

1. How many main components does the Internet have? What are they? 2. What does hardware include? 3. How do we call end points? 4. What are servers? 5. What function do nodes perform? 6. Can you give examples of physical transmission lines? 7. What are protocols? 8. What do the protocols provide?

8. Look through the first part of text 1 once more and mark the statements as true (t) or false (f).

1. Even though the Internet is an ancient technology, it`s hard to imagine life without it now.	□
2. To understand the Internet, we should look at it as a system with three main components.	□
3. The first component includes everything from cables to computers.	□
4. The Internet is an inflexible system ─ it doesn`t change at all as elements join and leave networks.	□
5. Connections are peripheral elements.	□
6. Computers, smartphones, tablets are called clients.	□
7. Servers are machines that serve as a connecting point along a route of traffic.	□
8. Hardware can easily create a network without protocols.	□
9. All the machines connected to the Internet must follow the protocols to complete tasks.	□
10. The protocols provide only the method for machines to transmit data.	□

9. Make summary of the first part of text 1 using opening phrases on page __ .

10. Read the text below. Open the brackets, putting the verbs into the correct tense aspect form.

a) Provide definitions to the words and word combinations in bold type.

b) Summarize the text in 5-6 sentences (use opening phrases on page __ ).

Early Networks

In 1973, engineers (to begin) to look at ways to connect ARPANET to the packet radio network (PRNET). A packet radio network (to connect) computers through radio transmitters and receivers. Instead of sending data across phone lines, the computers (to use) radio waves. It (to take) three years, but in 1976 engineers successfully (to connect) the two networks.

Technicians (to join) the Satellite Network (SATNET) to the other two networks in 1977. They (to call) the connection between multiple networks inter-networking, or the Internet for short. Other early computer networks soon (to join). They (to include) USENET, BITNET, CSNET and NSFNET.

In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee (to develop) a system designed to simplify navigation on the Internet. In time, this system (to become) known as the World Wide Web. It (not to take) long for some people to mistakenly identify the Internet and the Web as the same thing. The Internet (to be) a global interconnection of computer networks; the World Wide Web (to be) a way to navigate this massive network. In sailing terms, it's like comparing an ocean to a ship.

Most early Internet users (to be) government and military employees, graduate students and computer scientists. Using the World Wide Web, the Internet (to become) much more accessible. Colleges and universities (to begin) to connect to the Internet, and businesses soon (to follow). By 1994, Internet commerce (to become) a reality.

Today, the Internet (to be) more complex than ever. It (to connect) computers, satellites, mobile devices and other gadgets together in a massive network millions of times more intricate than the original ARPANET.

(By Jonathan Strickland)